Thompson and Schuster's research (the experiment with monkeys) suggests that the only way morphine can maintain self-administration is through reinforcement by escape from an aversive condition.

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Thompson and Schuster's research demonstrated that morphine could maintain self-administration in monkeys not only through negative reinforcement (escape from an aversive condition) but also as a positive reinforcer, indicating that the drug has inherently reinforcing properties beyond just alleviating withdrawal or discomfort.

Thompson and Schuster's Research (The Experiment with Monkeys) Suggests That