Richard A. Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin elaborate on Merton's theory of anomie by introducing the concept of differential association, which means that access to any opportunity, whether legitimate or illegitimate, varies according to time and place.

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Richard A. Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin elaborated on Merton's theory of anomie by introducing the concept of differential opportunity, which suggests that access to legitimate or illegitimate means to achieve goals varies by social class and location, not differential association, which is a concept developed by Edwin Sutherland referring to the process by which individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior.

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