In the most typical application of differential item functioning (DIF) analysis, the equivalence of the groups being compared is defined in terms of ___.

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Differential Item Functioning (DIF) analysis typically compares groups based on their total score on the test to determine if different groups (e.g., based on gender, ethnicity) have a different probability of answering specific items correctly, after controlling for overall ability as measured by the total test score.

In the Most Typical Application of Differential Item Functioning (DIF)