Connell and Sousa criticized Sutherland's experiments on alternative stable states in fouling communities on the grounds that
A) the experiments were conducted over too much time.
B) fouling communities without predators may not be sustainable in nature.
C) the system clearly demonstrated hysteresis.
D) the predator-exclusion cages were not totally effective.

Question

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Connell and Sousa argued that fouling communities without predators might not be sustainable in natural conditions, questioning the ecological validity of Sutherland's experiments.

Connell and Sousa Criticized Sutherland's Experiments on Alternative Stable States