In a within-subjects design, A) subjects are randomly assigned to two or more conditions. B) the same subjects participate in both treatment and control conditions. C) testing is controlled by eliminating the pretest. D) only random processes could account for the difference between O₁ and O₂.

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In a within-subjects design, the same subjects participate in all conditions, including both treatment and control, allowing for direct comparison of conditions within the same individuals.

In a Within-Subjects Design