When elemental sulfur is provided externally as an electron donor, the organism must attach itself to the sulfur particle because of the extreme insolubility of elemental sulfur.

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Elemental sulfur is extremely insoluble, which means that microorganisms that use sulfur as an electron donor need to attach themselves to the sulfur particle in order to access it. This is why many sulfur-oxidizing bacteria are found in biofilms or other structures that allow them to attach to solid surfaces.

When Elemental Sulfur Is Provided Externally as an Electron Donor