The Modigliani and Miller (MM)articles Implicitly Assumed,among Other Things,that Outside

The Modigliani and Miller (MM)articles implicitly assumed,among other things,that outside stockholders have the same information about a firm's future prospects as its managers.That was called "symmetric information," and it is questionable.The introduction of "asymmetric information" led to the development of the "signaling" theory of capital structure,which postulated that firms are reluctant to issue new stock because investors will interpret such an act as a signal that the firm's managers are worried about its future.Other actions give off different signals,and the end result is that capital structure is affected by managers' perceptions about how their financing decisions will affect investors' views of the firm and thus its value.