Program evaluators seek to estimate the causal effect of a program (X) on an outcome (Y) using observational datA .The evaluators attempt to adjust their estimate for common causes (Z) that influence both X and Y .In this evaluation, the common causes (Z) are best described as
A)Intervening variables
B)Independent variables
C)Control variables
D)All of the above

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Control variables are factors that the researchers want to hold constant or account for to isolate the effect of the independent variable (X) on the dependent variable (Y). In this context, common causes (Z) that influence both X and Y are adjusted for in the analysis to accurately estimate the causal effect, making them control variables.

Program Evaluators Seek to Estimate the Causal Effect of a Program