Martin Lipset (1990) explains that the differences in the rates of incarceration between the United States and Canada stem from the fundamentally different values embedded in their constitutions regarding individual versus collective rights.

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Lipset argued that the U.S. Constitution emphasizes individual rights, leading to higher incarceration rates, while Canada's focus on collective rights results in lower rates.

Martin Lipset (1990) Explains That the Differences in the Rates