Confounding variables are connected to the independent variable such that we cannot know which variable causes the effect we observe.

Question

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Confounding variables can make it difficult to determine the true cause-and-effect relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. They are variables that are related to both the independent variable and the dependent variable, and if not accounted for, can impact the results and make it unclear which variable is truly responsible for the observed effect.

Confounding Variables Are Connected to the Independent Variable Such That