Which of the Following Is True of the Planning Process

Which of the following is true of the planning process in an organization with an innovative culture?

A) It encourages lower-level managers to participate in the process.
B) It rarely takes risks involving the development of new products.
C) It emphasizes formal top-down planning.
D) It subjects the suggestions from lower-level managers to a formal review process that significantly slows decision making.
E) It creates a well-defined hierarchy of authority and establishes clear reporting relationships so that employees know exactly whom to report to.