If a researcher is interested in cause-and-effect relationships, which design should she use?
A) The first simple case of nonexperimental research
B) The second simple case of nonexperimental research
C) Either the first or second case of nonexperimental research would be sufficient for this study
D) Neither the first nor second case of nonexperimental research can provide evidence of causality

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Nonexperimental research designs cannot establish cause-and-effect relationships because they do not involve manipulation of variables or control over extraneous variables, which are necessary to determine causality.

If a Researcher Is Interested in Cause-And-Effect Relationships, Which Design