For an independent-measures ANOVA with n = 10 participants in each treatment condition,dfwᵢthᵢn = 9.

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For an independent-measures ANOVA with n = 10 participants in each treatment condition, df_within (also known as df_error or df_residual) is calculated based on the total number of participants minus the number of groups. If each group has 10 participants, df_within = N - k, where N is the total number of participants across all groups, and k is the number of groups. The given information does not specify the number of groups, so we cannot determine df_within directly from n = 10 for each group without knowing how many groups there are.

For an Independent-Measures ANOVA with N = 10 Participants in Each