When the researcher is unable to examine the pure effects of the independent variable, then the independent variable is said to be
A) manipulated
B) confounded
C) held constant in the group
D) none of these

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

If the researcher is unable to examine the pure effects of the independent variable, then it can be assumed that the independent variable is confounded with some other variable, which means it cannot be determined which variable is causing the observed effect. In such a case, the results of the study would be unreliable and lack validity.

When the Researcher Is Unable to Examine the Pure Effects