A main testing effect occurs when the prior observation (the pre-test)affects the later observation (the post-test).

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The main testing effect refers to a phenomenon in which taking a pre-test affects the results of a post-test or subsequent testing. This can happen because the act of taking a pre-test can prime participants to be more attentive, more familiar with the test format, or to recall previously learned information. As a result, the pre-test can influence subsequent performance, leading to a potential bias.

A Main Testing Effect Occurs When the Prior Observation (The