Question 1

As a teacher, you are concerned that many of your students are learning less than they think they're learning as they read their textbooks. Your best strategy would be to:
A) Have them underline or highlight at least 50% of what they read
B) Instruct them to read the book two or three times instead of only once
C) Suggest questions that they can ask themselves as they read
D) Copy difficult-to-understand sentences in their notebooks

Accepted Answer

By suggesting questions that students can ask themselves as they read, you are encouraging them to actively engage with the material and think critically about what they are reading. This can help them retain the information better than simply reading passively. Underlining or highlighting too much may actually make it more difficult for students to identify what is truly important. Reading multiple times or copying sentences may not necessarily improve comprehension or retention.

Question 2

Of the many learning and study strategies students might use, covert strategies are ultimately more beneficial than overt strategies. Which one of the following is a covert strategy?
A) Elaboration
B) Note taking
C) Outlining
D) Writing a summary

Accepted Answer

Covert strategies are those that involve mental processes such as organization, visualization, and elaboration. Elaboration is a good example of a covert strategy because it involves making connections and finding meaning in the material being studied, without necessarily producing any visible output. Note taking, outlining, and writing a summary are overt strategies because they involve producing some kind of tangible product (i.e. notes or a written summary).

Question 3

Melissa has an ingenious method for remembering the member countries of the NATO alliance. Using words that rhyme with the numbers 1, 2, 3, and so on, she forms a visual image of each country interacting with a word that rhymes with a number. For example, she pictures a huge bun (which rhymes with "1") sitting on top of Big Ben (Great Britain), a shoe (a rhyme for "2") with a tiny Canadian Mountie (Canada) perched on its toe, a tree (a rhyme for "3") with numerous Statues of Liberty (United States) growing from its branches, and so on. Melissa's technique illustrates the use of:
A) verbal mediation
B) an external retrieval cue
C) the pegword method
D) the method of loci

Accepted Answer

Melissa's technique is the pegword method, which involves associating a word that rhymes with a number with an item that needs to be remembered. This creates a visual image that is easier to recall than simply trying to remember a list of countries.

Question 4

A student who has an illusion of knowing is likely to:
A) Know the general meaning of material but not be able to repeat it verbatim
B) Elaborate on hard-to-remember material
C) Undergo conceptual change
D) Express surprise about a low exam score

Accepted Answer

An illusion of knowing refers to a situation where an individual overestimates their understanding or knowledge of a subject. Therefore, when faced with a low exam score, such a student would express surprise because they believed they understood the material better than they actually did.

Question 5

To remember that the capital of Maine is Augusta, Bart pictures a lion with a gust of wind blowing through its mane. Bart's technique illustrates:
A) the keyword method
B) verbal mediation
C) the method of loci
D) an external retrieval cue

Accepted Answer

Bart's technique involves creating a memorable visual image (lion with a gust of wind in its mane) to associate with the information he needs to remember (Augusta is the capital of Maine). This falls under the keyword method, which involves creating memorable associations between a new piece of information and an existing concept.

Question 6

Three of the following statements accurately describe environmental influences on the development of epistemic beliefs. Which statement is not accurate?
A) As students observe experts disagreeing about a particular topic, they increasingly realize that even authority figures aren't always reliable sources of what is true and accurate.
B) The extent to which students accept what authority figures tell them is partly a function of the culture in which they have grown up.
C) Classroom demands for word-for-word memorization increase as students move through the secondary grades and post-secondary education.
D) Students who have grown up in Asian cultures are apt to believe that knowledge is the result of hard work, whereas students who have grown up in the United States are apt to believe that knowledge should come quickly and easily.

Accepted Answer

This statement is not accurate. Classroom demands for word-for-word memorization typically decrease as students move through the secondary grades and into post-secondary education, with more emphasis placed on deep understanding and critical thinking.

Question 7

Which one of the following definitely illustrates theory of mind in a preschooler?
A) Casey asks his friend Julia, "Did you forget what I told you yesterday?"
B) Although he cannot yet read, Manuel enjoys looking at picture books.
C) Liza frowns and complains to her mother, "My head hurts really bad!"
D) Toula tells her playmate Joey all about her camping trip over the weekend.

Accepted Answer

Casey's question implies that he understands that Julia has her own thoughts and may not remember something he told her previously, indicating a developing theory of mind. The other options do not necessarily demonstrate theory of mind. B may suggest an interest in books, but this alone does not show an understanding of others' thoughts and feelings. C shows self-awareness but does not necessarily show an understanding of others' thoughts. D may show good communication skills but does not necessarily imply understanding others' thoughts and feelings.

Question 8

Mnemonics probably facilitate memory in a number of ways. Which one of the following is not a potential advantage of mnemonics?
A) They relate new information to what a person already knows.
B) They expand the capacity of working memory.
C) They help organize information.
D) They provide retrieval cues.

Accepted Answer

Mnemonics do not expand the capacity of working memory. They simply provide a structure or system that helps individuals encode, store, and retrieve information more effectively. Mnemonics can relate new information to what a person already knows, help organize information, and provide retrieval cues.

Question 9

Three of the following examples are consistent with how epistemic beliefs typically change as learners grow older. Which one is not consistent with typical developmental trends in epistemic beliefs?
A) Anna used to think that studying history involved memorizing facts-names, dates, places, etc. She now believes that studying history involves learning interrelationships among historical events-how one event led to another, and so on.
B) Beatrice used to think that scientists might have different but possibly equally valid views of how the world operates. She now believes that there is probably only one correct explanation-one that scientists will eventually determine.
C) Charmaine used to think that if she was going to learn a particular mathematical concept, she would learn it either quickly or not at all. She now believes that her understanding of particularly difficult math concepts may evolve slowly over time and require considerable effort on her part.
D) Delores used to think that people were naturally either "good at" or "not good at" learning a foreign language. She now believes that successful learning results more from persistence and hard work.

Accepted Answer

This example is not consistent with typical developmental trends in epistemic beliefs, as it reflects a more absolutist and objectivist view of knowledge, rather than a more relativistic and subjective view that tends to be common during earlier developmental stages.

Question 10

As children develop, their metacognitive knowledge changes in a number of ways. Which one of the following is a false statement about how metacognition changes with development?
A) Children sometimes use effective strategies unconsciously before they begin to use them consciously and intentionally.
B) Older children engage in more comprehension monitoring than younger children.
C) Younger children are more aware of their own thought processes than older children are.
D) Children become increasingly adept at using rehearsal to remember something.

Accepted Answer

The statement that younger children are more aware of their own thought processes than older children is false. In fact, research suggests that metacognitive development follows an inverted-U shaped curve, meaning that there is a peak of metacognitive awareness in middle childhood, around ages 8-12. Younger children often lack the ability to accurately judge their own learning and need more guidance from adults, while older children may overestimate their abilities and therefore not engage in effective metacognitive strategies as often.

Question 11

Learners' epistemic beliefs can best be described as learners' views about:
A) What instructional techniques are most likely to help them learn classroom material
B) How researchers develop theories from the data they collect
C) How long they are likely to remember the things that they learn in school
D) The nature of knowledge and how it is acquired

Accepted Answer

Epistemic beliefs refer to learners' fundamental assumptions and beliefs about the nature of knowledge and how it is acquired. They are not related to specific instructional techniques or how long one is likely to remember things learned in school. While epistemic beliefs may influence how learners approach research, they are not specifically about how researchers develop theories from data.

Question 12

Three of the following statements are accurate with regard to students' and/or teachers' epistemic beliefs. Which statement is not accurate?
A) Students' criteria for determining the truth or validity of an idea influence the extent to which they engage in critical thinking.
B) Students are more likely to develop sophisticated epistemic beliefs when they have an opportunity to study a particular subject matter at an advanced level.
C) Students who believe that knowledge is fixed and simple tend to achieve at higher levels in the classroom.
D) Teachers who believe that learning involves primarily memorization and rehearsal are more likely to focus on lower-level skills in their assignments and assessment practices.

Accepted Answer

This statement is not accurate as research shows that students who hold a fixed and simple view of knowledge tend to perform poorly in the classroom. They are less likely to engage in deep learning strategies and are more likely to have difficulty reconciling conflicting information.

Question 13

Norman is studying Chinese and needs to remember that the word for "exit" is chu, so he remembers the sentence The choo-choo train is exiting from the station. Norman's technique illustrates the use of:
A) an external retrieval cue
B) the keyword method
C) the pegword method
D) verbal mediation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Norman is studying Chinese and needs to...

Question 14

Which one of the following pairs of students best illustrates a difference with respect to students' epistemic beliefs?
A) Irene thinks that doing well in high school is important for getting into a good college, but Isabelle thinks that she can get into college with mediocre grades as long as she has high SAT scores.
B) Julie likes going to school because that's where she sees her friends every day, but Janette likes going to school because of all the new things she learns there.
C) Keith thinks that learning chemistry is a process of memorizing symbols and formulas, but Kareem thinks that chemistry involves trying to understand the nature of elements and compounds.
D) Loren is well aware of the criteria his teacher is using to evaluate his classroom performance, but Luke is clueless about why he's doing poorly in the same teacher's class.

Accepted Answer

Keith and Kareem hold different beliefs about the nature of learning chemistry, with Keith focusing on rote memorization and Kareem on understanding the concepts. The other pairs of students do not demonstrate a clear difference in their epistemic beliefs.

Question 15

When students are reading a textbook, their comprehension monitoring is most effective if it occurs:
A) Before they read a passage
B) Immediately after they've read a passage
C) Several minutes or hours after they've read a passage
D) Both immediately after they've read a passage and also at some later time

Accepted Answer

Comprehension monitoring is most effective if it occurs both immediately after students have read a passage and at some later time. By monitoring their understanding immediately, students can clarify any confusion or misunderstandings while the material is still fresh in their minds. By monitoring their understanding at a later time, students can reinforce their learning and improve their long-term retention of the material.

Question 16

Considering trends in metacognitive development, only one of the following statements is accurate. Which one?
A) Learners of all ages generally know the things they know and the things they don't.
B) Elementary students have a better sense of what they do and don't know than high school students do.
C) Students tend to know a great many things that they don't realize they know.
D) Students across the K-12 grade span often think they know things that they really don't know.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that students across the K-12 grade span often overestimate their own knowledge and abilities, leading them to think they know things that they really don't know. This is known as the "illusion of competence." While learners of all ages generally have a good understanding of the things they know and the things they don't, the tendency to overestimate one's own knowledge decreases with age and experience. Therefore, option D is the only accurate statement among the given options.

Question 17

Three of the following are examples of mnemonics. Which one is not a mnemonic?
A) To learn the letters identifying the spaces on the treble clef (F A C E), Annabelle simply remembers the word face.
B) To learn how to drive a car with a standard transmission, Bart practices the various parts of the task (e.g., steering, shifting, and braking) separately.
C) To learn that the Spanish word pájaro means "bird," Corey pictures a bird wearing pajamas.
D) To learn that the Spanish word navidad means "Christmas," Dorene thinks of the word nativity.

Accepted Answer

Option B is not a mnemonic. It is a strategy for practicing a task, rather than a memory aid. Options A, C, and D all involve creating a memorable association to aid in remembering information.

Question 18

To remember the four states that come together at a single point (Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah), Marcia remembers "CANU" (pronounced like "canoe"). Marcia's technique illustrates the use of:
A) the keyword method
B) a superimposed meaningful structure
C) the method of loci
D) the pegword method

Accepted Answer

Marcia's technique involves creating a meaningful structure by associating the first letter of each state's name with the word "CANU". This is an example of a superimposed meaningful structure. The keyword method involves creating an image that links a word to a concrete image, the method of loci involves linking information to a visualized spatial layout, and the pegword method involves creating an association between a number and a visualized image or word. None of these methods are used in Marcia's strategy.

Question 19

Three of the following are accurate statements about how students' epistemic beliefs influence their approach to studying and learning. Which statement is not accurate?
A) Students who believe that knowledge consists of a collection of discrete facts, rather than an interrelated set of ideas, are likely to engage in rote learning of classroom material.
B) Students who believe that learning is a gradual process are more likely to use a variety of learning strategies and to persist in their learning efforts until they have mastered what they are studying.
C) Students who believe that knowledge is a certain entity-that facts and ideas are definitely either right or wrong-are more like likely to jump to quick conclusions from the things they hear and read.
D) Students who believe that knowledge is something that comes from authority figures, rather than being constructed by the learner, are more likely to be actively, cognitively engaged in their learning tasks.

Accepted Answer

The statement that students who believe that knowledge comes only from authority figures are more likely to be actively, cognitively engaged in their learning tasks is not accurate. This belief actually tends to hinder active engagement and critical thinking, as learners are less likely to question or challenge the information presented to them.

Question 20

Which one of the following illustrates how classroom assessment practices might affect students' epistemic beliefs?
A) Susan thinks that "art appreciation" means memorizing paintings and their artists because every test in her art appreciation class asks her to label a series of paintings and identify the painter of each one.
B) Because Geraldine consistently receives low marks on assignments in her history class, she is convinced that her teacher is "out to get her."
C) Duncan mistakenly believes that how well he does on his weekly spelling tests will be the determining factor in whether he gets promoted to fourth grade.
D) Martin has heard that "Mr. Stewart's tests are really picky," so he is very anxious when he prepares for his first test in Mr. Stewart's class.

Accepted Answer

Susan's experience with assessment practices in her art appreciation class are shaping her beliefs about what it means to understand and appreciate art. The fact that all of her tests focus on memorization and identification of artists reinforces a narrow and limited view of what it means to engage with and understand art, which could affect her epistemic beliefs about the value of art education overall.

Quiz 14: Metacognition, Self-Regulated Learning, and Study Strategies

As a teacher, you are concerned that many of your students are learning less than they think they're learning as they read their textbooks. Your best strategy would be to:

Of the many learning and study strategies students might use, covert strategies are ultimately more beneficial than overt strategies. Which one of the following is a covert strategy?

A student who has an illusion of knowing is likely to:

To remember that the capital of Maine is Augusta, Bart pictures a lion with a gust of wind blowing through its mane. Bart's technique illustrates:

Three of the following statements accurately describe environmental influences on the development of epistemic beliefs. Which statement is not accurate?

Which one of the following definitely illustrates theory of mind in a preschooler?

Mnemonics probably facilitate memory in a number of ways. Which one of the following is not a potential advantage of mnemonics?

Three of the following examples are consistent with how epistemic beliefs typically change as learners grow older. Which one is not consistent with typical developmental trends in epistemic beliefs?

As children develop, their metacognitive knowledge changes in a number of ways. Which one of the following is a false statement about how metacognition changes with development?

Learners' epistemic beliefs can best be described as learners' views about:

Three of the following statements are accurate with regard to students' and/or teachers' epistemic beliefs. Which statement is not accurate?

Norman is studying Chinese and needs to remember that the word for "exit" is chu, so he remembers the sentence The choo-choo train is exiting from the station. Norman's technique illustrates the use of:

Which one of the following pairs of students best illustrates a difference with respect to students' epistemic beliefs?

When students are reading a textbook, their comprehension monitoring is most effective if it occurs:

Considering trends in metacognitive development, only one of the following statements is accurate. Which one?

Three of the following are examples of mnemonics. Which one is not a mnemonic?

To remember the four states that come together at a single point (Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah) , Marcia remembers "CANU" (pronounced like "canoe") . Marcia's technique illustrates the use of:

Three of the following are accurate statements about how students' epistemic beliefs influence their approach to studying and learning. Which statement is not accurate?

Which one of the following illustrates how classroom assessment practices might affect students' epistemic beliefs?