Question 1

You know how to use long division to solve a math problem; you also know that 28 divided by 4 equals 7. The difference between these two pieces of knowledge can best be characterized as a difference between:
A) procedural vs. declarative knowledge
B) semantic vs. episodic memory
C) conceptual vs. conditional knowledge
D) explicit vs. implicit memory

Accepted Answer

Procedural knowledge refers to knowing how to perform a task or process, while declarative knowledge involves knowing facts and information. In this case, knowing how to use long division is a procedural knowledge, while knowing that 28 divided by 4 equals 7 is a declarative knowledge.

Question 2

Which one of the following statements best describes the notion of parallel distributed processing?
A) Working memory and long-term memory are two components of the memory system that, while occasionally interacting, often function independently of each other.
B) Working memory has several "compartments," enabling a number of unrelated pieces of information to be processed at the same time.
C) In some instances, information stored in the sensory register can move directly into long-term memory.
D) A single piece of information is stored in numerous places in long-term memory, with its retrieval and processing occurring at all locations simultaneously.

Accepted Answer

Parallel distributed processing refers to the idea that a single piece of information is stored in many locations in the brain, and its processing and retrieval occur simultaneously in multiple locations. This is consistent with choice D, which describes the distributed nature of long-term memory storage and processing. Choices A, B, and C do not accurately describe parallel distributed processing.

Question 3

Knowledge about the general plot of a novel one has read is probably stored in long-term memory as:
A) productions
B) propositions
C) verbal codes
D) images

Accepted Answer

Knowledge about the general plot of a novel one has read is stored in long-term memory as propositions, which are abstract representations of the meaning of a text.

Question 4

Which one of the following is the best example of conceptual knowledge?
A) Knowing who shot Martin Luther King, Jr.
B) Remembering the twelve months of the year in their correct order
C) Knowing how to keep your balance on a bicycle even on a bumpy road
D) Knowing why the moon has different phases (e.g., half moon, full moon)

Accepted Answer

Knowing why the moon has different phases requires understanding the concept of how the moon revolves around the Earth and how the amount of sunlight that reflects off the moon changes as it moves through its orbit. This is an example of conceptual knowledge, whereas the other options are more focused on factual or procedural knowledge.

Question 5

You can easily remember your birth date; perhaps you can also remember what you did on your last birthday. The difference between these two pieces of knowledge can best be characterized as a difference between:
A) declarative vs. procedural knowledge
B) semantic vs. episodic memory
C) conceptual vs. conditional knowledge
D) explicit vs. implicit memory

Accepted Answer

The ability to remember a specific event, such as what you did on your last birthday, is an example of episodic memory, which is a type of declarative memory. Declarative memory refers to conscious, explicit memory that can be verbally expressed, and can be further broken down into semantic memory, which is factual knowledge about the world, and episodic memory, which is personal experiences and events.

Question 6

Knowledge about how to swim is most likely to be stored in long-term memory as one or more:
A) productions
B) propositions
C) verbal codes
D) images

Accepted Answer

Knowledge about how to swim involves procedural memory, which is best stored as productions, which are sets of rules for performing actions.

Question 7

Which one of the following statements best describes how information is stored in long-term memory?
A) Mostly as images-how things look, sound, feel, or smell
B) Almost entirely as underlying meanings, or semantic codes
C) Mostly in terms of the words of the first language a person has learned
D) In a variety of possible forms

Accepted Answer

Information can be stored in long-term memory in a variety of forms, including images, meanings, language, emotions, and more. The specific form in which information is stored may vary from person to person and from experience to experience.

Question 8

A well-known nursery rhyme (e.g., "Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall . . . ") is most likely to be stored in long-term memory as one or more:
A) productions
B) propositions
C) verbal codes
D) images

Accepted Answer

Nursery rhymes are typically stored in long-term memory as verbal codes because they are sequences of words and sounds that are memorized and recalled in verbal form.

Question 9

Jacob knows that lions and tigers are both members of the cat family, and that cats and dogs are all mammals. Which one of the following statements best describes the information Jacob has stored?
A) It is organized as a hierarchy.
B) It is organized as a network.
C) It is encoded in the form of visual images.
D) It is encoded in the form of productions.

Accepted Answer

The information Jacob has stored is organized as a hierarchy because it can be represented as a series of nested categories where lions and tigers belong to the cat family, and cats and dogs are both mammals. This is a common way of organizing information in many fields of study.

Question 10

From a propositional network perspective of long-term memory, meaningful learning is best described as a process of:
A) Modifying the arguments of existing propositions
B) Modifying the relations of existing propositions
C) Connecting one or more new propositions to the network
D) Hierarchically organizing existing propositions within the network

Accepted Answer

Meaningful learning involves connecting new propositions to the network, essentially expanding the network and adding to it. Modifying existing propositions (options A and B) would involve changing or deleting already established information, which is not typically what happens during meaningful learning. Hierarchically organizing existing propositions (option D) may occur as the network expands, but it is not the primary process of meaningful learning.

Question 11

Which one of the following is the best example of a symbol as psychologists define the term?
A) The word carpet
B) The honking sound that a goose makes
C) A leaky faucet
D) Snow

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which one of the following is the...

Question 12

Theorists conceptualize propositions as abstract entities but usually describe them in terms of words. This sentence: Susan gives her brother a big kiss.
Reflects several propositions that are likely to be stored in long-term memory. Three of the statements below reflect propositions contained within the sentence. Which statement does not reflect a proposition contained within the sentence?
A) Susan has a brother.
B) Susan gives the brother a kiss.
C) Susan likes the brother.
D) The kiss is big.

Accepted Answer

The statement "Susan likes the brother" is not explicitly stated in the sentence and therefore is not a proposition contained within the sentence. The other statements (A, B, and D) are all implied by the sentence and reflect propositions that could be stored in long-term memory.

Question 13

Which one of the following behaviors is most consistent with the idea that long-term memory is organized as a hierarchy?
A) Aaron answers the question, "Is a barracuda a fish?" faster than he answers the question, "Is a barracuda an animal?"
B) Betsy answers the question, "Is a tree a living thing?" faster than she answers the question, "Is a tree a plant?"
C) When asked to picture a robin in his mind, Colin describes his image in vivid detail.
D) When asked to explain how to climb a tree, Darla describes a detailed series of arm and leg movements.

Accepted Answer

The hierarchy concept suggests that memory is organized in a hierarchical manner, with broader categories at the top and more specific details at the bottom. Answer A reflects this idea, as identifying a barracuda as a fish requires recognizing it as part of a broader category (fish), while identifying it as an animal requires recognizing it as part of a more specific category. The faster response time for the former question suggests that the broader category is easier to access and retrieve from memory.

Question 14

Gretchen thinks about Christopher Columbus, which reminds her of Spain, which in turn reminds her that she needs to do her homework for her Spanish class. Which one of the following statements best explains Gretchen's train of thought?
A) Long-term memory is organized as a hierarchy.
B) Long-term memory is organized as a network.
C) The information is encoded in the form of visual images.
D) The information is encoded in the form of productions.

Accepted Answer

Gretchen's train of thought suggests that her long-term memory is organized as a network, where one concept or piece of information triggers the activation of related concepts or information. Each concept is connected to multiple other concepts, forming a web-like network of associations. As she thinks about Christopher Columbus, her brain may activate nodes in her network related to history, exploration, and geography, which then trigger nodes related to Spain and the Spanish language. This process continues until she reaches the specific task she needs to complete (homework for her Spanish class).

Question 15

Which one of the following most accurately describes a production?
A) Organizing a set of interrelated propositions
B) Remembering information differently than it was stored
C) Knowing how to respond to different environmental conditions
D) Knowing the component parts of an object or event

Accepted Answer

A production refers to the ability to produce different responses based on environmental conditions, so option C best describes a production. Option A is related to organizing information and option B is related to memory, while option D is related to knowledge of object/event components.

Question 16

Memory theorists believe that people encode information in long-term memory in a number of different ways. They also believe that:
A) Propositions are eventually transformed into images.
B) Images represent information more precisely than propositions do.
C) One form of encoding information-the verbal code-is by far the most prevalent.
D) Pieces of information stored in different codes are associated with one another.

Accepted Answer

Memory theorists believe that pieces of information stored in different codes (such as verbal, visual, and auditory codes) can be associated with one another, leading to better retrieval of the information. They do not believe that propositions are transformed into images, or that images necessarily represent information more precisely than propositions. While the verbal code may be a prevalent form of encoding information, it is not the only one.

Question 17

Which one of the following examples best illustrates implicit rather than explicit knowledge?
A) Knowing that vertebrates are animals with backbones
B) Knowing that doing well on the GRE exams is important for getting into graduate school
C) Knowing how to create grammatically correct sentences in everyday conversation
D) Knowing how to use footnotes in a research paper

Accepted Answer

Implicit knowledge refers to knowledge that is not easily verbalized or communicated. Option C, knowing how to create grammatically correct sentences in everyday conversation, is an example of implicit knowledge as it is a skill that a person may possess without being able to explain the grammatical rules explicitly. In contrast, options A, B, and D are examples of explicit knowledge as they can be easily verbalized and explained.

Question 18

Knowing what famous people look like reflects knowledge that is stored in long-term memory as:
A) productions
B) propositions
C) verbal codes
D) images

Accepted Answer

Knowing what famous people look like involves the storage of mental images or visual representations in long-term memory. This is a form of non-verbal information that is stored in the form of perceptual experiences. Other options like productions, propositions, and verbal codes are more relevant for storing and processing verbal or abstract information.

Question 19

Corey understands the general meanings of 20 new vocabulary words, but to prepare for an upcoming quiz, he also memorizes the specific definitions his teacher has provided on a study guide. Two weeks later, he is given a surprise quiz on those vocabulary words. Considering research findings described in the text, we would expect that Corey:
A) Can still remember all the definitions verbatim
B) Can define most of the vocabulary words but cannot necessarily remember the original definitions verbatim
C) Can recognize the vocabulary words he studied but cannot define them
D) Can recognize only about 25% of the vocabulary words he studied

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that memorizing information using specific definitions can enhance recognition and understanding, but may not necessarily result in verbatim recall. Therefore, we would expect Corey to be able to define most of the new vocabulary words but not necessarily remember the original definitions verbatim.

Question 20

Which one of the following behaviors would suggest to you that a person has encoded information at least partly as visual imagery?
A) Sasha can easily answer the question, "How old are you?"
B) Roger uses his hands to show the length of a fish he caught last week.
C) Marianne reads aloud a particularly descriptive paragraph from Moby Dick.
D) Jayden appears to be quite surprised to learn that a heavy metal object can float if it's hollow inside.

Accepted Answer

Using hand gestures to show the length of a fish suggests that the person is visualizing the length in their mind and representing it through their body movements.

Quiz 10: Long-Term Memory Iii: Retrieval and Forgetting

You know how to use long division to solve a math problem; you also know that 28 divided by 4 equals 7. The difference between these two pieces of knowledge can best be characterized as a difference between:

Which one of the following statements best describes the notion of parallel distributed processing?

Knowledge about the general plot of a novel one has read is probably stored in long-term memory as:

Which one of the following is the best example of conceptual knowledge?

You can easily remember your birth date; perhaps you can also remember what you did on your last birthday. The difference between these two pieces of knowledge can best be characterized as a difference between:

Knowledge about how to swim is most likely to be stored in long-term memory as one or more:

Which one of the following statements best describes how information is stored in long-term memory?

A well-known nursery rhyme (e.g., "Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall . . . ") is most likely to be stored in long-term memory as one or more:

Jacob knows that lions and tigers are both members of the cat family, and that cats and dogs are all mammals. Which one of the following statements best describes the information Jacob has stored?

From a propositional network perspective of long-term memory, meaningful learning is best described as a process of:

Which one of the following is the best example of a symbol as psychologists define the term?

Which one of the following behaviors is most consistent with the idea that long-term memory is organized as a hierarchy?

Gretchen thinks about Christopher Columbus, which reminds her of Spain, which in turn reminds her that she needs to do her homework for her Spanish class. Which one of the following statements best explains Gretchen's train of thought?

Which one of the following most accurately describes a production?

Memory theorists believe that people encode information in long-term memory in a number of different ways. They also believe that:

Which one of the following examples best illustrates implicit rather than explicit knowledge?

Knowing what famous people look like reflects knowledge that is stored in long-term memory as:

Which one of the following behaviors would suggest to you that a person has encoded information at least partly as visual imagery?