Question 1

In operant conditioning,organisms learn
A)the association between a behavior and a consequence.
B)that conditioned stimuli cause unconditioned stimuli.
C)by exclusively relying on mental processes.
D)to act by imitating others.

Accepted Answer

In operant conditioning, organisms learn the association between a behavior (operant) and a consequence (reinforcement or punishment). Their behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them. This type of learning is also known as instrumental conditioning.

Question 2

Which of the following best exemplifies a reflex?
A)A child drinks water after eating spicy food.
B)A woman puts her coat on before stepping out into the cold.
C)A child runs out to watch a fire engine drive by.
D)A man salivates while watching a chef fry sausages.

Accepted Answer

Salivating is an automatic response controlled by the autonomic nervous system and does not involve conscious decision-making, making it a classic example of a reflex. A, B, and C all involve conscious decision-making or voluntary actions.

Question 3

_____ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
A)Classical conditioning
B)Operant conditioning
C)Observational learning
D)Insight learning

Accepted Answer

The definition given in the question is characteristic of classical conditioning, which involves the pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. This is seen in famous experiments such as Pavlov's dogs, where the sound of a bell (previously a neutral stimulus) became associated with the arrival of food (an innately meaningful stimulus) and eventually caused the dogs to salivate even without the food present.

Question 4

_____ was the Russian physiologist who demonstrated that neutral aspects of the environment can attain the capacity to evoke responses through pairing with other stimuli and that bodily processes can be influenced by environmental cues.
A)Ivan Pavlov
B)JohnB.Watson
C)B. F. Skinner
D)E. L. Thorndike

Accepted Answer

The description matches Ivan Pavlov, who is known for his research on classical conditioning, demonstrating that neutral stimuli can become conditioned stimuli through pairing with other stimuli, and that physiological responses can be influenced by environmental cues.

Question 5

Ryan receives a scolding from his mother every time he picks his nose.Fearing retribution,Ryan hesitates to pick his nose whenever his mother is present with him.In this scenario,Ryan is demonstrating
A)operant conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)observational learning.
D)implicit learning.

Accepted Answer

Ryan is demonstrating operant conditioning, where his behavior (picking his nose) is influenced by the consequences of that behavior (receiving a scolding from his mother). This is a form of learning where behaviors are increased or decreased based on the positive or negative consequences that follow them.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true of unconditioned responses?
A)They are involuntary.
B)They happen in response to a stimulus with conscious effort.
C)They are neural stimuli that cause synesthesia.
D)They are learned reactions.

Accepted Answer

Unconditioned responses are involuntary and occur naturally without any prior learning or conditioning. They are automatic and innate reactions to a particular stimulus.

Question 7

Observational learning occurs
A)when an organism makes a connection between two stimuli.
B)when an organism learns the association between a behavior and a consequence.
C)through the process of watching and imitating another's behavior.
D)through the cognitive processes of reasoning and judgment.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning involves an organism watching and imitating another's behavior. It does not necessarily require any direct association between stimuli or consequences, nor does it necessarily involve cognitive processes such as reasoning or judgment.

Question 8

Which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning?
A)It is a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence.
B)It is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
C)It is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution.
D)It is a form of learning that occurs through observing and imitating another's behavior.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves pairing an unconditional stimulus (UCS), which naturally leads to a certain response, with a neutral stimulus (NS) to eventually produce a conditioned response (CR). For example, ringing a bell (NS) before feeding a dog (UCS) will eventually cause the dog to salivate (CR) at just the sound of the bell, even without the presence of food. This is also known as Pavlovian conditioning, named after the Russian physiologist who discovered it.

Question 9

In which type of learning do organisms learn the association between two stimuli?
A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)observational learning
D)implicit learning

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is the type of learning in which organisms learn the association between two stimuli. This is demonstrated by the famous Pavlov's experiment in which dogs learn to associate the sound of a bell with the presentation of food, resulting in the dog salivating at the sound of the bell alone.

Question 10

Matt's school ends at three in the afternoon.So,whenever it becomes three in the afternoon he feels happy even if he is not in school.In this scenario,Matt has learned to associate a fixed timing with happiness through
A)classical conditioning.
B)observational learning.
C)preparedness.
D)imitation.

Accepted Answer

Matt has associated the fixed timing of three in the afternoon with happiness, which is a classic example of classical conditioning. This occurs when an unconditioned stimulus (the end of school) elicits an unconditioned response (happiness), and over time, a neutral stimulus (the time of day) becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus, and therefore, elicits the same response. In this case, the time of day has become the conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response of happiness.

Question 11

Jack always takes his dog out for a walk in the morning.Whenever Jack puts the leash on his dog,the dog gets very excited about going for a walk.In this scenario,the dog has learned to associate the leash with going for a walk through
A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)insight learning.
D)observational learning.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus (the leash) with an unconditioned stimulus (going for a walk) to elicit a conditioned response (the dog getting excited).

Question 12

Psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective define learning as
A)the result of mental activities such as thinking and reasoning.
B)the relatively stable,observable changes in a person's actions.
C)the encoding of information for the purpose of retention and retrieval.
D)a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into a problem.

Accepted Answer

Psychologists who approach learning from a behavioral perspective focus on observable changes in behavior as evidence of learning. This definition emphasizes the importance of environmental stimuli (such as rewards and punishments) in shaping behavior. Mental activities such as thinking and reasoning are not excluded from this definition, but they are not the primary focus. Similarly, encoding and retrieval of information may be important components of learning, but they are not sufficient on their own to demonstrate that learning has occurred. Finally, sudden insights (also known as "aha moments") are more aligned with cognitive approaches to learning and problem-solving, rather than the behavioral perspective.

Question 13

_____ is the systematic,relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
A)Learning
B)Binding
C)Convergence
D)Sensation

Accepted Answer

Learning refers to the relatively permanent change in behavior that results from one's experiences. Binding refers to joining or connecting two or more things together, convergence refers to coming together or merging, and sensation refers to the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. Therefore, A) Learning is the best choice for the given definition.

Question 14

Tina's eyes water every time she chops onions.Her response is an example of a
A)habit.
B)reflex.
C)conditioned response.
D)voluntary behavior.

Accepted Answer

Tina's tearing up when chopping onions is a reflex, an automatic response to the irritant in the onions that triggers a motor response in the lacrimal glands to produce tears. A reflex is an involuntary and innate behavior that occurs without conscious thought or effort.

Question 15

Millie doesn't like waiting in line.Whenever she goes to her local supermarket,she has to wait at least 20 minutes in line.So,she decides to buy all her groceries online instead.In this scenario,Millie is demonstrating
A)positive reinforcement.
B)operant conditioning.
C)observational learning.
D)implicit learning.

Accepted Answer

Millie is demonstrating operant conditioning, as she is changing her behavior (buying groceries online) in response to the consequences of her previous behavior (waiting in line).

Question 16

_____ is the type of learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events.
A)Associative learning
B)Observational learning
C)Preparedness
D)Instinctive drift

Accepted Answer

Associative learning involves making connections between two events, such as learning to associate a specific sound with a reward or punishment. Observational learning involves learning through watching others, preparedness refers to the idea that certain biological predispositions may make it easier to learn certain associations, and instinctive drift involves the tendency for learned behaviors to be gradually replaced by instinctual behaviors.

Question 17

_____ is the process of learning the associations between two events.
A)Imitation
B)Conditioning
C)Preparedness
D)Insight

Accepted Answer

Conditioning is the process of learning the associations between two events. It involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus to elicit a learned response.

Question 18

Observational learning is different from the associative learning described by behaviorism because observational learning
A)requires a person to be as unique as possible.
B)requires a permanent change in behavior.
C)relies on mental processes.
D)relies on competing stimuli.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning involves mental processes such as attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. This is different from behaviorism's associative learning, which solely focuses on the association between a stimulus and response, without considering the mental processes involved.

Question 19

Which of the following is true of behaviorism as a theory of learning?
A)Behaviorism focuses solely on unobservable behaviors.
B)Behaviorism places primary importance on mental activities such as thinking,wishing,and hoping.
C)Behaviorism maintains that the principles of learning are the same when talking about animals or humans.
D)Behaviorism maintains that learning occurs through the observation and imitation of behavior.

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism is a theory that states that observable behavior should be the focus of study, rather than unobservable mental processes such as thinking or feeling. Behaviorism maintains that the principles of learning are the same for animals and humans, which is why behaviorists often use animal research to explain human behavior. The theory also emphasizes the role of reinforcement in shaping behavior, and does not necessarily posit that learning occurs only through observation and imitation.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true of unconditioned stimuli?
A)They produce a response without prior learning.
B)They are previously neural stimuli that eventually elicit a conditioned response.
C)They are neural stimuli that cause synesthesia.
D)They cause neurotransmitters to be absorbed by ganglia.

Accepted Answer

Unconditioned stimuli are stimuli that naturally and automatically elicit a response without prior learning. Examples of unconditioned stimuli include food and pain.

Quiz 6: Learning

In operant conditioning,organisms learn

Which of the following best exemplifies a reflex?

_____ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

_____ was the Russian physiologist who demonstrated that neutral aspects of the environment can attain the capacity to evoke responses through pairing with other stimuli and that bodily processes can be influenced by environmental cues.

Ryan receives a scolding from his mother every time he picks his nose.Fearing retribution,Ryan hesitates to pick his nose whenever his mother is present with him.In this scenario,Ryan is demonstrating

Which of the following statements is true of unconditioned responses?

Observational learning occurs

Which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning?

In which type of learning do organisms learn the association between two stimuli?

Matt's school ends at three in the afternoon.So,whenever it becomes three in the afternoon he feels happy even if he is not in school.In this scenario,Matt has learned to associate a fixed timing with happiness through

Jack always takes his dog out for a walk in the morning.Whenever Jack puts the leash on his dog,the dog gets very excited about going for a walk.In this scenario,the dog has learned to associate the leash with going for a walk through

Psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective define learning as

_____ is the systematic,relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

Tina's eyes water every time she chops onions.Her response is an example of a

Millie doesn't like waiting in line.Whenever she goes to her local supermarket,she has to wait at least 20 minutes in line.So,she decides to buy all her groceries online instead.In this scenario,Millie is demonstrating

_____ is the type of learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events.

_____ is the process of learning the associations between two events.

Observational learning is different from the associative learning described by behaviorism because observational learning

Which of the following is true of behaviorism as a theory of learning?

Which of the following statements is true of unconditioned stimuli?