Deck 6: Learning

Question 1

In operant conditioning,organisms learn

A)the association between a behavior and a consequence.
B)that conditioned stimuli cause unconditioned stimuli.
C)by exclusively relying on mental processes.
D)to act by imitating others.

Answer 1

the association between a behavior and a consequence.

Question 2

Which of the following best exemplifies a reflex?

A)A child drinks water after eating spicy food.
B)A woman puts her coat on before stepping out into the cold.
C)A child runs out to watch a fire engine drive by.
D)A man salivates while watching a chef fry sausages.

Answer 2

A man salivates while watching a chef fry sausages.

Question 3

_____ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

A)Classical conditioning
B)Operant conditioning
C)Observational learning
D)Insight learning

Answer 3

Classical conditioning

Question 4

_____ was the Russian physiologist who demonstrated that neutral aspects of the environment can attain the capacity to evoke responses through pairing with other stimuli and that bodily processes can be influenced by environmental cues.

A)Ivan Pavlov
B)JohnB.Watson
C)B. F. Skinner
D)E. L. Thorndike

Question 5

Ryan receives a scolding from his mother every time he picks his nose.Fearing retribution,Ryan hesitates to pick his nose whenever his mother is present with him.In this scenario,Ryan is demonstrating

A)operant conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)observational learning.
D)implicit learning.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true of unconditioned responses?

A)They are involuntary.
B)They happen in response to a stimulus with conscious effort.
C)They are neural stimuli that cause synesthesia.
D)They are learned reactions.

Question 7

Observational learning occurs

A)when an organism makes a connection between two stimuli.
B)when an organism learns the association between a behavior and a consequence.
C)through the process of watching and imitating another's behavior.
D)through the cognitive processes of reasoning and judgment.

Question 8

Which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning?

A)It is a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence.
B)It is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
C)It is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution.
D)It is a form of learning that occurs through observing and imitating another's behavior.

Question 9

In which type of learning do organisms learn the association between two stimuli?

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)observational learning
D)implicit learning

Question 10

Matt's school ends at three in the afternoon.So,whenever it becomes three in the afternoon he feels happy even if he is not in school.In this scenario,Matt has learned to associate a fixed timing with happiness through

A)classical conditioning.
B)observational learning.
C)preparedness.
D)imitation.

Question 11

Jack always takes his dog out for a walk in the morning.Whenever Jack puts the leash on his dog,the dog gets very excited about going for a walk.In this scenario,the dog has learned to associate the leash with going for a walk through

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)insight learning.
D)observational learning.

Question 12

Psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective define learning as

A)the result of mental activities such as thinking and reasoning.
B)the relatively stable,observable changes in a person's actions.
C)the encoding of information for the purpose of retention and retrieval.
D)a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into a problem.

Question 13

_____ is the systematic,relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

A)Learning
B)Binding
C)Convergence
D)Sensation

Question 14

Tina's eyes water every time she chops onions.Her response is an example of a

A)habit.
B)reflex.
C)conditioned response.
D)voluntary behavior.

Question 15

Millie doesn't like waiting in line.Whenever she goes to her local supermarket,she has to wait at least 20 minutes in line.So,she decides to buy all her groceries online instead.In this scenario,Millie is demonstrating

A)positive reinforcement.
B)operant conditioning.
C)observational learning.
D)implicit learning.

Question 16

_____ is the type of learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events.

A)Associative learning
B)Observational learning
C)Preparedness
D)Instinctive drift

Question 17

_____ is the process of learning the associations between two events.

A)Imitation
B)Conditioning
C)Preparedness
D)Insight

Question 18

Observational learning is different from the associative learning described by behaviorism because observational learning

A)requires a person to be as unique as possible.
B)requires a permanent change in behavior.
C)relies on mental processes.
D)relies on competing stimuli.

Question 19

Which of the following is true of behaviorism as a theory of learning?

A)Behaviorism focuses solely on unobservable behaviors.
B)Behaviorism places primary importance on mental activities such as thinking,wishing,and hoping.
C)Behaviorism maintains that the principles of learning are the same when talking about animals or humans.
D)Behaviorism maintains that learning occurs through the observation and imitation of behavior.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true of unconditioned stimuli?

A)They produce a response without prior learning.
B)They are previously neural stimuli that eventually elicit a conditioned response.
C)They are neural stimuli that cause synesthesia.
D)They cause neurotransmitters to be absorbed by ganglia.

Question 21

Ron had to undergo a painful procedure in a hospital when he was a child.Now,every time Ron walks past a hospital,he gets anxious and nauseated.In this scenario,in the context of classical conditioning,the unconditioned stimulus is the

A)hospital.
B)painful procedure.
C)anxious reaction.
D)nausea.

Question 22

Which of the following best exemplifies an innate unconditioned stimulus-unconditioned response connection?

A)a child sneezing after accidently inhaling pepper
B)a child throwing a temper tantrum
C)a girl raising her hand before asking a question in class
D)a boy learning to ride a bicycle by watching his older brother ride his bicycle

Question 23

Alex and his family moved into an apartment on the 98th floor of a building.The first few times that Alex used the elevator,his ears popped and Alex found the sensation uncomfortable.As a result,whenever Alex enters a building with an elevator,he feels his ears pop before he gets to the elevator.In the context of classical conditioning,which of the following is the conditioned response?

A)Alex's ears popping in the elevator
B)Alex entering his building elevator the first time
C)Alex entering any building with an elevator
D)Alex's ears popping when he enters a building with an elevator

Question 24

Which of the following is true of acquisition in classical conditioning?

A)During acquisition,the unconditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented followed by the conditioned stimulus.
B)During acquisition,the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented very close together in time.
C)During acquisition,the conditioned stimulus loses its significance once the association between the two stimuli has been formed.
D)During acquisition,the unconditional stimulus loses the ability to elicit any kind of response from the subject.

Question 25

In Pavlov's studies on classical conditioning,the bell was a(n)_____ before it was paired with the food.

A)neutral stimulus
B)conditioned stimulus
C)unconditioned stimulus
D)reinforced stimulus

Question 26

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning,the dog began to associate the sound of the bell with the food and salivated when it heard the bell because the bell had become a(n)

A)conditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 27

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning,prior to associating the sound of the bell with the food,the dog's salivation in response to the food was the

A)negative reinforcement.
B)positive reinforcement.
C)unconditioned response.
D)conditioned response.

Question 28

June had dinner at an Indian restaurant and had food poisoning as a result.This caused her to gag at the sight of any Indian food.June's reaction to Indian food best illustrates the concept of _____ in classical conditioning.

A)preparedness
B)renewal
C)generalization
D)discrimination

Question 29

Which of the following is true of classical conditioning?

A)It occurs without awareness or effort,based on the presentation of two stimuli together.
B)It allows the learner to learn the association between a behavior and a consequence.
C)It does not pair stimuli together.
D)It occurs when the learner observes and imitates the actions of another person.

Question 30

_____ in classical conditioning means that the conditioned stimulus must not only precede the unconditioned stimulus closely in time,but it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the unconditioned stimulus is on its way.

A)Sign tracking
B)Contingency
C)Extinction
D)Renewal

Question 31

Dr.Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes.Immediately before he announces a pop quiz to his students,he walks to the classroom door and closes it.His students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr.Meyer closes the classroom door.In the context of classical conditioning,closing the door has become a(n)

A)conditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)unconditioned response.
D)conditioned response.

Question 32

Which of the following is true of generalization in classical conditioning?

A)It is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response
B)It is the tendency of a subject to become more powerfully attracted to the conditioned stimulus than to the unconditioned stimulus it signals.
C)It is the process by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again.
D)It is the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay,without further conditioning.

Question 33

Boris uses classical conditioning to teach his goldfish to swim to the surface of its tank to eat whenever Boris turns on the aquarium light.He drops food into the tank and then turns on the light.After several such trials,the fish shows no more inclination to swim to the surface when the light is turned on than it did on the first trial.In the context of classical conditioning,which of the following should Boris do to improve his training technique?

A)He should turn on the light before he drops the food into the tank.
B)He should intermittently turn the light on and off during feeding time.
C)He should drop something other than food into the tank to alert the fish.
D)He should provide more food than usual during the trials.

Question 34

Which of the following is true of Ivan Pavlov's experiment on classical conditioning?

A)The bell was a neutral stimulus before it was paired with the meat powder.
B)The dog's salivation in response to the bell was an unconditioned response.
C)The bell was a conditioned stimulus before it was paired with the meat powder.
D)The dog's salivation in response to the meat powder was a conditioned response.

Question 35

Jessica loves to go to the park.However,after three separate incidences of violence over the course of two years in a park,she begins to fear going to parks.In this scenario,in the context of classical conditioning,Jessica's fear of parks is a(n)

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 36

John,a six-year-old boy,loves dogs.However,after being bitten by one,he starts to fear dogs.Which of the following is true in the context of classical conditioning?

A)The dog is an innately meaningful stimulus before it bites John.
B)The pain that John experiences after being bitten is a neutral stimulus.
C)The pain that John experiences after being bitten is a conditioned response.
D)The dog becomes a conditioned stimulus after it bites John.

Question 37

Henry loves animals and has always wanted a pet animal.However,when he met his neighbour's dog,it bit him.Now,Henry stays away from dogs.In this scenario,in the context of classical conditioning,Henry's fear of dogs is a(n)

A)conditioned response.
B)positive reinforcer.
C)neutral reinforcer.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 38

In classical conditioning,in order for the pairing between the unconditioned stimulus (US)and the conditioned stimulus (CS)to work,the

A)CS should occur even if the US does not occur.
B)US and the CS must use different mediums of communication.
C)US and the CS must be presented very close together in time.
D)CS must succeed the US after several minutes.

Question 39

_____ is the initial learning of the connection between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.

A)Generalization
B)Acquisition
C)Discrimination
D)Habituation

Question 40

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning,the dog salivated each time the food was presented.The dog's response to the food was a(n)

A)unconditioned response.
B)negative reinforcer.
C)positive reinforcer.
D)conditioned response.

Question 41

Manny has been unable to sleep for the past one week.His wife gives him a vitamin pill and tells him that it will help him sleep at night.The next morning,Manny is thrilled because he has slept better than ever before.In this scenario,Manny's response to the vitamin can be attributed to

A)the schedules of reinforcement.
B)aversive conditioning.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)the placebo effect.

Question 42

As the subject of an experiment for treating cigarette addiction,John is being given a chemical agent that makes him feel nauseated every time he smokes a cigarette.This experiment is most likely a(n)_____ experiment.

A)positive reinforcement
B)habituation
C)aversive conditioning
D)avoidance learning

Question 43

Aversive conditioning is

A)the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay.
B)the process of rewarding successive approximations of desired behavior.
C)the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
D)the form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.

Question 44

_____ in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

A)Generalization
B)Discrimination
C)Acquisition
D)Habituation

Question 45

Wendell always gets anxious before taking a math test because he is not good with numbers and formulae. When his science teacher announces a physics test that requires him to apply numerical formulae,Wendell begins to feel anxious,even though he enjoys physics.Which of the following is Wendell most likely demonstrating in this scenario?

A)positive reinforcement in operant conditioning
B)generalization in classical conditioning
C)discrimination in classical conditioning
D)negative reinforcement in operant conditioning

Question 46

Marcia and John were married for eleven years before John passed away.Following his death,Marcia left her home and city because everything reminded her of John.Many years later,Marcia happened to meet a man,her new colleague,who smelled of the cologne that John always wore.Even after so many years,Marcia was drawn to this man because he reminded her of John.In this scenario,Marcia's reawakened feelings are an example of _____ in classical conditioning.

A)extinction
B)spontaneous recovery
C)reinforcement
D)instinctive drift

Question 47

Grayson's dog salivates whenever he hears the refrigerator door open because he is accustomed to receiving food each time anyone opens it.Grayson tries an experiment with his dog.Over the next few days,Grayson does not give his dog any food when he opens the refrigerator door,even though he knows the dog expects it.As a result,the dog stops salivating when the refrigerator door is opened.Grayson's dog's behavior best illustrates _____ in classical conditioning.

A)spontaneous recovery
B)extinction
C)contingency
D)discrimination

Question 48

Which of the following is true of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

A)It results in the weakening of the unconditioned stimulus.
B)It occurs whenever an unconditioned response causes a conditioned response.
C)It results in the weakening of the conditioned response.
D)It occurs without further conditioning.

Question 49

_____ in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

A)Generalization
B)Acquisition
C)Discrimination
D)Habituation

Question 50

Yolanda dislikes going to the doctor for her illness because every time she does,she is prescribed medicines,which ruin her appetite and make her feel nauseated.She associates doctors with feelings of nausea.However,she is not afraid of visiting dentists.In this scenario,Yolanda's behavior best exemplifies _____ in classical conditioning.

A)spontaneous recovery
B)generalization
C)discrimination
D)extinction

Question 51

In aversive conditioning experiments to treat alcohol addiction,every time a person drinks an alcoholic beverage,he or she also consumes a mixture that induces nausea.In classical conditioning terminology,the nausea-inducing agent is the

A)conditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)neutral stimulus.
D)reinforced stimulus.

Question 52

Ronald was the subject of an experiment for alcoholics.Every time Ronald had a drink,it was mixed with a nausea-inducing agent,which made him sick.After experiencing this pattern for several weeks,Ronald started to dislike alcohol immensely.He did not drink for seven months.However,one day as he was walking past a new bar,Ronald experienced an overwhelming desire to drink.In this scenario,Ronald's sudden desire to drink best illustrates the concept of _____ in classical conditioning.

A)extinction
B)reinforcement
C)acquisition
D)renewal

Question 53

In classical conditioning,the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay,without further conditioning is known as

A)parallel processing.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)sensory adaptation.
D)depth perception.

Question 54

Extinction in classical conditioning is

A)the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay,without further conditioning.
B)the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
C)the process by which an individual learns to imitate behavior by observing.
D)the strengthening of the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response.

Question 55

Tyler's grandmother,Rose,has been receiving e-mails from Tyler every day for many years.In anticipation of his e-mails,she checks her inbox more than once in a day.However,since Tyler has started college,the emails have stopped.As a result,Rose checks her e-mail only every few days.If this pattern continues,Rose will completely stop checking her e-mail.In classical conditioning,this is known as

A)acquisition.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)renewal.
D)extinction.

Question 56

Jacob,a police officer,wants to train his new dog,Rover.Jacob buys a "zap collar" that delivers a low intensity shock to the neck of the dog whenever it pulls on the leash.After wearing the collar for a few days,Rover recognizes that the shock is an undesirable result of pulling on the leash.Consequently,Rover stops pulling on the leash.In this scenario,which of the following methods has most likely been used to discipline Rover?

A)positive reinforcement
B)observational learning
C)avoidance learning
D)aversive conditioning

Question 57

_____,in classical conditioning,refers to the recovery of the conditioned response when an organism is placed in a novel context.

A)Extinction
B)Renewal
C)Habituation
D)Discrimination

Question 58

Jim feeds his dog the Paws brand of dog food every day.When the dog sees Jim pouring the food into his bowl,he starts to salivate.When Jim switches to a new brand,the food does not suit the dog and makes him sick.The dog no longer salivates when he sees Jim pouring the food into his bowl.In this scenario,the dog's change in behavior can be best explained by learning through

A)observational learning.
B)counterconditioning.
C)avoidance learning.
D)habituation.

Question 59

Counterconditioning is a classical conditioning procedure for

A)transforming the unconditioned stimulus into a conditioned stimulus.
B)causing renewal to occur immediately after spontaneous recovery.
C)reducing the probability of a spontaneous response to a conditioned stimuli.
D)changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.

Question 60

Watson,a research subject,is pricked with a needle every time he decides to have a sip of a soda.He is being conditioned to avoid drinking soda.In this scenario,the needle prick is the

A)auditory stimulus.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)perceptual stimulus.
D)vestibular stimulus.

Question 61

Kyle wants to buy a new watch.While making the decision to buy the watch,he purchases the brand of watch that his favorite actor wore in a movie.In this scenario,in the context of classical conditioning,the movie that Kyle watched promoted the brand of watch using

A)embedded marketing.
B)avoidance learning.
C)negative reinforcement.
D)brand equity.

Question 62

Kenny ate too many hotdogs at a baseball game.Several hours later,he felt nauseated and spent most of the night being sick.In the context of taste aversion learning,it is likely that Kenny will _____ as a result of this experience.

A)lose interest in baseball
B)not attend another game and will only watch baseball on TV
C)not be able to eat a hotdog at the next baseball game
D)never eat hot dogs again

Question 63

In the context of classical conditioning,_____ refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

A)habituation
B)generalization
C)discrimination
D)extinction

Question 64

Classical conditioning

A)focuses on the association between two stimuli.
B)changes the probability of a behavior's occurance using negative consequences.
C)is very effective in explaining voluntary behaviors.
D)is used to negate the effects of habituation.

Question 65

The law of effect is profoundly important because it presents the basic idea that

A)embedded marketing makes people resistant to habituation.
B)contingency is less relevant for operant conditioning than classical conditioning.
C)the consequences of a behavior influence the likelihood of that behavior's recurrence.
D)habituation of a behavior results in immunity to classical conditioning.

Question 66

Which of the following statements about taste aversion learning is true?

A)It requires many pairings of the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned response of nausea
B)It is a special kind of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular taste and nausea.
C)It occurs only when the "taste" is the direct cause of the nausea experienced.
D)It is a special form of negative punishment in which a behavior decreases when a stimulus is removeD.

Question 67

Jenny received a lot of praise in class when she was the only one who did her homework on time.As a result,Jenny has never had to be reminded to do her homework;she always submits it on time.In this scenario,Jenny's behavior illustrates

A)Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning.
B)the concept of instinctive drift.
C)the phenomenon of the placebo effect.
D)Thorndike's law of effect.

Question 68

Identify the accurate statement about operant conditioning.

A)Operant conditioning states that operant behavior occurs with intent.
B)Operant conditioning is a form of associative learning.
C)Operant conditioning is ineffective at explaining voluntary behavior.
D)Operant conditioning is used in embedded marketing to reduce spontaneous recovery.

Question 69

In a television advertisement,a young man is shown to be the center of attraction for young and attractive models because he drives the luxury car brand,Exotica.The advertisement targets young,single men.In the context of embedded marketing,which of the following statements is true?

A)The Exotica brand in the advertisement is the unconditioned stimulus.
B)The male viewers are unaffected by the appearance of the attractive models in the advertisement.
C)The attractive models in the advertisement are the conditioned stimulus.
D)The advertisement will work best if the Exotica car precedes the appearance of the attractive person.

Question 70

Which of the following statements is true of classical conditioning?

A)It becomes operant conditioning after spontaneous recovery.
B)Immunosuppression is independent of classical conditioning.
C)The human body's internal organ systems can be classically conditioned.
D)It is a special form of negative punishment in which a behavior decreases when a stimulus is removeD.

Question 71

Classical conditioning is a form of

A)observational learning.
B)imitative learning.
C)associative learning.
D)vestibular learning.

Question 72

In the context of operant conditioning,_____ refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.

A)shaping
B)acquisition
C)modeling
D)habituation

Question 73

Which of the following is true about classical conditioning?

A)It requires the subject of the conditioning to be immune to habituation.
B)It is used to combat the effects of embedded marketing.
C)It is a form of respondent behavior.
D)It effectively explains voluntary behavior.

Question 74

Classical conditioning explains how neutral stimuli become associated with

A)sensory adaptations.
B)perceptual sets.
C)involuntary responses.
D)vestibular senses.

Question 75

George drinks three glasses of wine at home every evening but rarely feels its effect.However,he feels the immediate effect of a single glass of wine on the rare occasions that he goes to a bar.Which of the following classical conditioning concepts best explains this discrepancy in George's responses?

A)positive reinforcement
B)habituation
C)renewal
D)generalization

Question 76

Just as it does in classical conditioning,_____ plays a key role in operant conditioning.

A)vestibular sense
B)instinctive drift
C)contingency
D)immunity

Question 77

Melvin is an elementary school teacher who rewards his students with extra playtime whenever they do well on a class assignment.In this scenario,which of the following techniques is Melvin using to motivate his students to work harder?

A)counterconditioning
B)observational learning
C)positive reinforcement
D)insight learning

Question 78

The _____ in psychology states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.

A)law of effect
B)principle of preparedness
C)theory of classical conditioning
D)law of contiguity

Question 79

Caleb,the owner of a small garage,is particular about paying his employees more than they ask for.He believes that this action will prevent his employees from leaving the organization due to job dissatisfaction.In this scenario,Caleb is using _____ in operant conditioning to ensure a desired outcome.

A)negative punishment
B)negative reinforcement
C)positive reinforcement
D)positive punishment

Question 80

Operant conditioning is a form of learning that

A)focuses on the association between behaviors and the stimuli that follow them.
B)explains how neutral stimuli become associated with unlearned,involuntary responses.
C)is not effective in explaining voluntary behaviors.
D)occurs through the imitation of another person's actions.