Question 1

Fixed patterns of action that occur in response to particular stimulation are called
A)intermodal tasks.
B)tactile senses.
C)somatosensory reactions.
D)reflexes.

Accepted Answer

Fixed patterns of action that occur in response to particular stimulation are called reflexes. The other options are not related to this concept.

Question 2

When a child tries to pick up an object from a 2-D representation, he or she is demonstrating a _____ error.
A)scale
B)grasp
C)media
D)motor

Accepted Answer

A grasp error occurs when a child attempts to physically interact with a 2-D image as if it were a 3-D object, indicating a misunderstanding of the representation.

Question 3

Optical expansion is a cue used to perceive
A)depth.
B)colour.
C)relative size.
D)patterns.

Accepted Answer

Optical expansion is a visual cue that helps in perceiving depth by indicating how objects grow in size as they move closer to the observer.

Question 4

A study examining infants' response to a pad worn under the arm by their own mother versus one that had been worn by another woman demonstrated that 2-week-old infants
A)cannot distinguish between the scent of their mother and the scent of another woman.
B)can distinguish between the scent of their mother and the scent of another woman but do not show a preference.
C)prefer their own mother's scent to that of another woman.
D)prefer the scent of another woman to that of their mother.

Accepted Answer

Infants as young as 2 weeks old can distinguish between their mother's scent and that of another woman, and they show a preference for their mother's scent.

Question 5

Older infants are NOT sensitive to the correspondence between
A)monkey facial movements and monkey vocalizations.
B)emotional expressions in faces and voices.
C)visual and auditory stimuli produced by moving objects.
D)their own visual and tactile experience as they manipulate objects.

Accepted Answer

Older infants have been shown to be sensitive to the correspondence between emotional expressions in faces and voices, visual and auditory stimuli produced by moving objects, and their own visual and tactile experience as they manipulate objects. However, they are not specifically sensitive to the correspondence between monkey facial movements and monkey vocalizations, as this sensitivity is more related to human-specific cues and interactions.

Question 6

Baby Chiara learns that the sound of the door opening regularly comes before the sight of mail dropping from the mail slot to the floor. Baby Chiara has learned this through what type of learning?
A)statistical learning
B)habituation
C)instrumental conditioning
D)observational learning

Accepted Answer

Statistical learning involves recognizing patterns in the environment, such as the regular sequence of events. Baby Chiara has learned the pattern that the sound of the door opening precedes the sight of mail dropping, which is an example of statistical learning.

Question 7

How clearly an individual can see is referred to as his visual
A)contrast.
B)scanning ability.
C)acuity.
D)constancy.

Accepted Answer

Visual acuity is the term used to refer to the clarity of an individual's vision, specifically their ability to see fine details. Contrast refers to the difference in brightness between two areas, scanning ability refers to the speed and accuracy with which an individual can search for and identify specific objects, and constancy refers to the ability to perceive objects as unchanging despite changes in environment or perspective.

Question 8

The fact that experience can lead infants to become less sensitive to distinctions that they could make at earlier stages in development has been demonstrated in all of these domains EXCEPT
A)speech perception.
B)tactile interpretation.
C)face perception.
D)intermodal perception.

Accepted Answer

Research in developmental psychology has shown that infants' abilities in speech perception, face perception, and intermodal perception (the integration of information across different senses) are subject to experience-dependent narrowing. This means that as infants gain experience with certain types of stimuli (e.g., the sounds of their native language, faces of their own race), they become less sensitive to distinctions in stimuli they encounter less frequently (e.g., sounds not in their native language, faces of other races). However, there is less evidence to suggest that experience leads to a similar narrowing in tactile interpretation, making it the correct answer.

Question 9

A father puts his 5-month-old infant in his crib and then leaves the room. With which statement would Piaget be MOST likely to agree?
A)The infant can mentally represent his father.
B)The infant fails to comprehend that his father still exists.
C)The infant knows that his father still exists but cannot remember what his father looks like.
D)The infant knows that his father still exists but does not know how to get his father to come back to his room.

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed in the concept of object permanence, which is the understanding that objects or people continue to exist even when they cannot be seen. In this scenario, the infant has not yet developed object permanence and therefore does not comprehend that his father still exists. Option A is incorrect as it suggests that the infant can mentally represent his father, which is a more advanced cognitive skill than object permanence. Option C is also incorrect as it suggests that the infant's memory is involved in this scenario, which is not necessarily the case. Similarly, option D suggests that the infant knows how to summon his father, but this is not a skill that can be expected of a 5-month-old.

Question 10

Samantha is watching a children's television program and tries to pass an object to the character through the screen. She is demonstrating a _____ error.
A)scale
B)grasp
C)media
D)motor

Accepted Answer

This is a media error because Samantha is mistaking the fictional world on the television screen for reality and thinking that she can physically interact with it.

Question 11

Baby Janet has a patch over one eye because of an eye infection. She will be unable to use which depth perception cue?
A)optical expansion
B)object segregation
C)relative size
D)binocular disparity

Accepted Answer

Binocular disparity requires both eyes to have slightly different images, which Janet will not be able to achieve with one eye covered.

Question 12

Dr. Jones has presented an infant with a succession of black and white paddles with increasingly narrow stripes and increasingly narrow gaps between them. He wants to determine when the infant can no longer distinguish between the striped paddles and a grey one. Dr. Jones is assessing the infant's
A)contrast sensitivity.
B)visual acuity.
C)visual scanning.
D)habituation.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Jones is assessing the infant's visual acuity, which is the ability to distinguish fine details and patterns, such as the narrow stripes on the paddles.

Question 13

Five-month-old Judy sees a novel sight-flowers arranged in a vase. The MOST important cue that would help Judy know whether she is seeing a single object or multiple objects is
A)differences in the textures and shapes of the flowers and vase.
B)independent movement of the flowers as they are removed from the vase.
C)common movement as her mother moves the full vase from the counter to the table.
D)All of these cues are equally useful.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Five-month-old Judy sees a novel sight-flowers arranged...

Question 14

Before the age of 4 months, which type of exploration of the environment is MOST common?
A)oral
B)manual
C)self-locomotive
D)smell

Accepted Answer

Before the age of 4 months, infants primarily explore their environment through oral exploration. This is because their motor skills are not yet fully developed for extensive manual manipulation, and they are not capable of self-locomotion. Smell does play a role in exploration, but oral exploration is more dominant at this stage.

Question 15

Research examining infants' sitting skills and their 3-D object completion skills suggests that
A)there is overlap in the brain maturation required for each of these skills.
B)3-D object completion is necessary for skilled sitting.
C)there is a great deal of interaction between visual development and motor development.
D)there are specific brain regions devoted to each of these skills.

Accepted Answer

The research suggests that there is a great deal of interaction between visual development (as in 3D object completion) and motor development (as in sitting skills). There is likely overlap in brain maturation required for each of these skills, but the research does not make a specific statement about this. The research does not suggest that 3D object completion is necessary for skilled sitting, and while there may be specific brain regions involved in each of these skills, the research does not make this claim.

Question 16

A 6-month-old infant is trying very hard to reach a colourful rattle that is on the floor in front of her. The infant's mother mistakenly drops a blanket over the rattle, concealing it from the infant. The infant reacts by looking away from the covered rattle and picking up another nearby toy. How would Piaget attribute the infant's reaction?
A)The infant's reaching behaviour is not consistent with her understanding.
B)The infant has a short attention span.
C)The infant lacks problem-solving skills.
D)The infant lacks object permanence.

Accepted Answer

Piaget would attribute the infant's reaction to a lack of object permanence, which is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen. At 6 months, infants typically have not yet developed this concept.

Question 17

Charlie is 3 months old and consistently swipes clumsily toward the general area of objects he sees. He is engaged in
A)pre-reaching movements.
B)self-locomotion.
C)gross motor skills.
D)reflexive movement.

Accepted Answer

Pre-reaching movements are when an infant makes clumsy swiping movements towards the general vicinity of objects they see. This typically occurs around 3 to 4 months of age and is considered an early stage of reaching and grasping abilities. Self-locomotion refers to the ability to move oneself around, such as crawling or walking. Gross motor skills encompass larger movements, such as sitting up, crawling, and walking. Reflexive movements are automatic responses to stimuli, such as rooting or sucking in response to touch or hunger.

Question 18

The idea that we learn by doing is called
A)social knowledge.
B)object permanence.
C)active learning.
D)rational learning.

Accepted Answer

The idea that we learn by doing is known as active learning, where learners engage in hands-on experiences to acquire knowledge and skills. Social knowledge refers to the understanding of social norms and behaviors. Object permanence is the concept that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight. Rational learning involves processing information logically and systematically. Therefore, the best choice is C, active learning.

Question 19

The process by which the visual cortex combines the differing neural signals caused by binocular disparity, resulting in depth perception, is called
A)optical expansion.
B)stereopsis.
C)binocular disparity.
D)monocular vision.

Accepted Answer

Stereopsis is the process by which the visual cortex combines the differing neural signals caused by binocular disparity, resulting in depth perception. Option A, optical expansion, refers to the visual cue where an object appears to expand as it moves closer to the viewer. Option C, binocular disparity, refers to the slight difference in the images seen by each eye, which is necessary for stereopsis to occur. Option D, monocular vision, refers to vision that occurs in only one eye, which does not lead to stereopsis.

Question 20

Research by Needham and Baillargeon demonstrated that 8-month-old infants are better able than are 4-month-old infants to use which piece of information in their understanding of object segregation?
A)common movement
B)common texture
C)knowledge about the world
D)all of these

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research by Needham and Baillargeon demonstrated that...

Quiz 5: Perception, Action, and Learning in Infancy

Fixed patterns of action that occur in response to particular stimulation are called

When a child tries to pick up an object from a 2-D representation, he or she is demonstrating a _____ error.

Optical expansion is a cue used to perceive

A study examining infants' response to a pad worn under the arm by their own mother versus one that had been worn by another woman demonstrated that 2-week-old infants

Older infants are NOT sensitive to the correspondence between

Baby Chiara learns that the sound of the door opening regularly comes before the sight of mail dropping from the mail slot to the floor. Baby Chiara has learned this through what type of learning?

How clearly an individual can see is referred to as his visual

The fact that experience can lead infants to become less sensitive to distinctions that they could make at earlier stages in development has been demonstrated in all of these domains EXCEPT

A father puts his 5-month-old infant in his crib and then leaves the room. With which statement would Piaget be MOST likely to agree?

Samantha is watching a children's television program and tries to pass an object to the character through the screen. She is demonstrating a _____ error.

Baby Janet has a patch over one eye because of an eye infection. She will be unable to use which depth perception cue?

Dr. Jones has presented an infant with a succession of black and white paddles with increasingly narrow stripes and increasingly narrow gaps between them. He wants to determine when the infant can no longer distinguish between the striped paddles and a grey one. Dr. Jones is assessing the infant's

Five-month-old Judy sees a novel sight-flowers arranged in a vase. The MOST important cue that would help Judy know whether she is seeing a single object or multiple objects is

Before the age of 4 months, which type of exploration of the environment is MOST common?

Research examining infants' sitting skills and their 3-D object completion skills suggests that

Charlie is 3 months old and consistently swipes clumsily toward the general area of objects he sees. He is engaged in

The idea that we learn by doing is called

The process by which the visual cortex combines the differing neural signals caused by binocular disparity, resulting in depth perception, is called

Research by Needham and Baillargeon demonstrated that 8-month-old infants are better able than are 4-month-old infants to use which piece of information in their understanding of object segregation?