Question 1

The preferential-looking technique is founded on the expectation that infants will
A)look longer at objects they like or find interesting.
B)look away from complicated or frightening objects.
C)recognize familiar patterns.
D)lose interest in objects that are familiar.

Accepted Answer

The preferential-looking technique is based on the belief that infants will direct their attention towards objects and events that interest them. Therefore, infants are expected to look longer at objects they like or find interesting.

Question 2

Movement is an important cue for
A)shape constancy.
B)subjective contour.
C)pattern perception.
D)object segregation.

Accepted Answer

Movement is an important cue for object segregation, as it helps to distinguish one object from another by detecting changes in position and motion. Shape constancy relies on size, and subjective contour and pattern perception rely on edge detection and grouping principles.

Question 3

Research on infants' statistical learning indicates that infants appear to prefer statistical patterns that are
A)perfectly predictable.
B)very complex.
C)neither too easy nor too hard.
D)unpredictable.

Accepted Answer

Infants seem to have a preference for statistical patterns that are not too easy or too difficult to learn. This is often referred to as the "Goldilocks effect", where the statistical patterns are not too predictable but also not too unpredictable. Infants can use this information to create expectations about the world around them, but if the patterns are too simple or too complex, they may not be able to learn from them effectively.

Question 4

Perceptual constancy enables a baby to perceive
A)that the toy in current view is the same as the one he viewed prior to blinking.
B)a moving point-light display as a person who is walking.
C)that Mommy is a constant size as she walks toward him despite the fact that her size on his retina changes.
D)that the cat is still whole when it stands behind a table leg.

Accepted Answer

Perceptual constancy refers to the ability to perceive objects as maintaining their size, shape, color, and other physical properties despite changes in their appearance due to variations in the environment or viewing conditions. In the case of a baby, perceptual constancy would enable them to recognize their caregiver or objects in their environment despite changes in perspective or lighting. Choice C is correct because it refers to the ability to perceive Mommy as maintaining a constant size as she approaches, even though her image on the baby's retina changes. The other choices are not related to perceptual constancy or do not accurately describe a situation where such a phenomenon would occur.

Question 5

To elicit _____, the auditory syllable ba is dubbed onto a video of a person speaking the syllable ga. Someone watching this will hear the syllabus da.
A)the McGurk effect
B)contrast sensitivity
C)visual scanning
D)perceptual constancy

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described is the McGurk effect, where visual information can change the perception of auditory information.

Question 6

The study in which infants were first presented with a cube in multiple locations and then were presented with the same cube and a larger cube that was placed farther away demonstrated that infants
A)preferred to look at the original cube.
B)perceived the multiple presentations of the original cube as a single object.
C)were unable to differentiate between the cubes.
D)perceived each presentation of the cubes as a unique object.

Accepted Answer

The fact that infants did not show surprise when presented with the same cube in multiple locations suggests that they perceived the multiple presentations as a single object. This indicates that infants are able to form an object concept, which is necessary for later cognitive development.

Question 7

Scale errors are thought to be a result of young children's
A)overconfidence in their own abilities.
B)underdeveloped depth perception.
C)failure to integrate perception and planning of action.
D)inexperience with self-locomotion.

Accepted Answer

Scale errors occur when young children fail to integrate perception and planning of action, which means they have difficulty judging the size of objects in relation to their own body. This is often seen in situations where they try to interact with objects that are too big or too small for them, such as trying to sit in a dollhouse or climb into a tiny car. It is not due to overconfidence, depth perception, or lack of self-locomotion experience.

Question 8

The closer an object is to a person, the _____ there is.
A)more binocular disparity
B)less binocular disparity
C)more perceptual constancy
D)less perceptual constancy

Accepted Answer

Binocular disparity increases as an object gets closer to a person because each eye views the object from a slightly different angle, leading to greater disparity or difference in the images each eye sends to the brain. This disparity is what allows for depth perception.

Question 9

The _____ reflex is NOT known to have any adaptive significance.
A)rooting
B)tonic neck
C)sucking
D)grasping

Accepted Answer

The rooting, sucking, and grasping reflexes are all related to feeding and survival. The tonic neck reflex, on the other hand, is a positional reflex in which an infant's head is turned to one side, causing the arm and leg on that side to extend while the opposite arm and leg flex. This reflex does not have any known adaptive significance.

Question 10

Which statement about research on infants' and adults' ability to differentiate between pairs of human faces and between pairs of monkey faces is TRUE?
A)By the age of 6 months, infants can successfully differentiate between pairs of monkey faces and between pairs of human faces, and this ability remains constant throughout life.
B)At 6 months of age, infants can successfully differentiate between pairs of human faces but not between pairs of monkey faces, and this pattern remains throughout adulthood.
C)At 6 months of age, infants can successfully differentiate between pairs of human faces and between pairs of monkey faces, but older infants and adults have lost the ability to differentiate between monkey faces.
D)At 6 months of age, infants are unable to differentiate between pairs of human faces and between pairs of monkey faces, but both of these abilities develop by the age of 9 months.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that 6-month-old infants can differentiate both human and monkey faces. However, as they grow older, they lose the ability to distinguish between monkey faces, a phenomenon attributed to lack of exposure and the fine-tuning of their perceptual abilities to more commonly encountered faces, such as those of humans.

Question 11

Which statement about 3-month-old Isabella's vision is TRUE?
A)Isabella prefers blue over red.
B)Isabella's colour vision is similar to that of an adult.
C)Isabella is unable to smoothly track slow-moving objects.
D)Isabella tends to look only at the outer edges of complex shapes.

Accepted Answer

By 3 months, infants like Isabella have developed color vision that is similar to adults, allowing them to distinguish between different colors effectively.

Question 12

Research by Hannon and Trehub on North American infants as well as North American and Balkan adults demonstrated that _____ perceived changes in simple rhythms, and _____ perceived changes in complex rhythms.
A)all groups; infants
B)all groups; infants and Balkan adults
C)infants and Balkan adults; Balkan adults
D)both groups of adults; infants

Accepted Answer

Research by Hannon and Trehub showed that all groups (North American infants, North American adults, and Balkan adults) could perceive changes in simple rhythms, but when it came to complex rhythms, both infants and Balkan adults were better at perceiving these changes compared to North American adults. This suggests cultural and developmental influences on rhythm perception.

Question 13

Binocular disparity results from
A)poor visual memory.
B)the distance between a person's two eyes.
C)background occlusion.
D)the difference between close items and faraway items.

Accepted Answer

Binocular disparity refers to the difference in the images seen by each eye due to their separation distance (interocular distance). This difference is the primary cue used by the brain to compute distance and depth perception in our visual environment.

Question 14

Statistical learning involves
A)extracting from the environment those elements that remain stable.
B)learning the relationship between one's own behaviour and its result.
C)decreased response to repeated stimulation.
D)forming associations between stimuli that occur in a predictable pattern.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Statistical learning involves
A)extracting from the environment those...

Question 15

_____ indicates learning through classical conditioning.
A)Realizing the association between the UCS and the UCR
B)Realizing the association between the UCR and the CR
C)The occurrence of the CS just before the UCR
D)The occurrence of the CR upon exposure to the CS

Accepted Answer

Learning through classical conditioning is indicated by the occurrence of the CR upon exposure to the CS. This is because classical conditioning involves learning to associate a neutral stimulus with a reflexive response, and the CR is the learned response to that neutral stimulus (CS).

Question 16

Seven-month-old Vivi is presented with a trapezoidal object that adults would perceive as a rectangle placed on a diagonal, with one side closer than the other side, similar to the window from the Yonas, Cleaves, and Pettersen study described in the text. During the first set of trials, a patch is placed over one of Vivi's eyes, and the object is presented in front of her. During the second set of trials, the patch is removed and the object is again presented. Researchers record Vivi's reaches toward the object. The MOST likely result will be that Vivi reaches
A)toward the longer side on both sets of trials.
B)toward the longer side on the first set of trials but equally toward both sides on the second set of trials.
C)equally toward both sides on the first set of trials but toward the longer side on the second set of trials.
D)toward the longer side when viewed with one eye closed.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Seven-month-old Vivi is presented with a trapezoidal...

Question 17

At the age of 2 months, infants exhibit
A)stable reaching.
B)pre-reaching movements.
C)poorly controlled reaching.
D)continuation of reflexes.

Accepted Answer

At 2 months of age, infants exhibit pre-reaching movements, which are early attempts to reach for objects but are not yet well-coordinated or controlled. Stable reaching typically does not develop until around 4-6 months of age. The continuation of reflexes is also present in newborns but should start to dissipate by 2 months.

Question 18

Developmental changes in which experience fine-tunes the perceptual system are referred to as
A)perceptual narrowing.
B)sensory decay.
C)perceptual decline.
D)sensory contraction.

Accepted Answer

Perceptual narrowing refers to the process by which infants' perceptual systems become more attuned to the specific features of their native language and culture over time. This involves a decrease in sensitivity to non-native language sounds and visual stimuli that are not common in their culture. This developmental change is driven by experience and has been observed in various domains, including speech perception, face recognition, and social perception.

Question 19

When Shelly picks up her sleeping baby quickly, her baby throws back his head and expends his arms and then rapidly draws them in. Her baby is demonstrating the _____ reflex.
A)rooting
B)sucking
C)swallowing
D)moro

Accepted Answer

The described response, throwing back of the head and extending the arms followed by rapid drawing in of the arms, is a characteristic of the Moro reflex. This reflex is present in infants and is triggered by sudden movements or changes in position that make the baby feel as if they are falling. The Moro reflex is important for evaluating the healthy development of the newborn's nervous system.

Question 20

The research by Thelen in which infants were partially immersed in a tank of water demonstrated _____ to be responsible for the disappearance of the stepping reflex.
A)changing ratio of weight to strength
B)cortical maturation
C)visual maturation
D)motivation

Accepted Answer

Thelen's research showed that the disappearance of the stepping reflex in infants is due to the changing ratio of leg weight to muscle strength, not due to neurological maturation. When the buoyancy of water supported their legs, even infants who had apparently lost the stepping reflex could perform stepping movements, indicating that the reflex didn't disappear but was inhibited by their inability to lift their increasingly heavy legs.

Quiz 5: Perception, Action, and Learning in Infancy

The preferential-looking technique is founded on the expectation that infants will

Movement is an important cue for

Research on infants' statistical learning indicates that infants appear to prefer statistical patterns that are

Perceptual constancy enables a baby to perceive

To elicit _____, the auditory syllable ba is dubbed onto a video of a person speaking the syllable ga. Someone watching this will hear the syllabus da.

The study in which infants were first presented with a cube in multiple locations and then were presented with the same cube and a larger cube that was placed farther away demonstrated that infants

Scale errors are thought to be a result of young children's

The closer an object is to a person, the _____ there is.

The _____ reflex is NOT known to have any adaptive significance.

Which statement about research on infants' and adults' ability to differentiate between pairs of human faces and between pairs of monkey faces is TRUE?

Which statement about 3-month-old Isabella's vision is TRUE?

Research by Hannon and Trehub on North American infants as well as North American and Balkan adults demonstrated that _ perceived changes in simple rhythms, and _ perceived changes in complex rhythms.

Binocular disparity results from

Statistical learning involves

_____ indicates learning through classical conditioning.

At the age of 2 months, infants exhibit

Developmental changes in which experience fine-tunes the perceptual system are referred to as

When Shelly picks up her sleeping baby quickly, her baby throws back his head and expends his arms and then rapidly draws them in. Her baby is demonstrating the _____ reflex.

The research by Thelen in which infants were partially immersed in a tank of water demonstrated _____ to be responsible for the disappearance of the stepping reflex.