Question 1

Research by Baillargeon in which 4½-month-old infants were shown a screen that apparently rotated through a box and a screen that rotated up and stopped at the top of the box demonstrated that infants
A)looked longer at the screen when it rotated the full 180 degrees than when it stopped.
B)looked longer at the screen when it stopped than when it rotated the full 180 degrees.
C)looked at both events for the same length of time.
D)were unable to mentally represent the box when it was out of view.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research by Baillargeon in which 4½-month-old infants...

Question 2

Research conducted by Esther Thelen supported which theoretical perspective?
A)Piaget's theory of cognitive development
B)theory of mind
C)sociocultural context
D)dynamic-systems

Accepted Answer

Esther Thelen's research focused on the development of motor skills in infants and how their abilities were influenced by multiple factors such as body size, environment, and experience. This aligns with the dynamic-systems perspective, which emphasizes the complex interactions between multiple systems in development.

Question 3

Relative size is an example of which type of depth cue?
A)pictorial
B)binocular
C)disparity
D)expansion

Accepted Answer

Relative size is a pictorial depth cue, which refers to the perceptual phenomenon where objects of the same size appear smaller when they are farther away. This cue helps us perceive depth and distance in a two-dimensional image or scene.

Question 4

Neurons that are activated when a monkey observes another being perform a goal-directed action as though the monkey were performing the action are referred to as _____ neurons.
A)memory
B)repeat
C)imitation
D)mirror

Accepted Answer

The description given matches with mirror neurons. These neurons were first discovered in the premotor cortex and the inferior parietal lobule of macaque monkeys by Giacomo Rizzolatti and colleagues in the early 1990s. Mirror neurons are thought to play an important role in social learning, empathy, and even language acquisition.

Question 5

To examine whether infants can perceive a difference between two stimuli, Professor Thomas first shows one stimulus to the infant until he is no longer interested in the object. Professor Thomas then shows a new stimulus to the infant and records whether the infant becomes interested in the new stimulus. This method is called the _____ technique.
A)habituation
B)preferential-looking
C)contrast-sensitivity
D)pattern-recognition

Accepted Answer

The method described is the habituation technique, where the infant's decreased interest in a stimulus indicates that they have become habituated to it, and the presentation of a new stimulus elicits renewed interest, indicating that they perceive a difference between the two stimuli. The preferential-looking technique involves presenting two stimuli simultaneously and recording which one the infant looks at more frequently. Contrast-sensitivity and pattern-recognition are concepts related to visual perception, but are not directly related to this specific method of testing infant perception.

Question 6

Parents who are concerned about the habituation effect of their children watching violent acts on television are worried that their children will
A)learn how to commit violent acts.
B)cease to be shocked by violence.
C)become angered by the violence.
D)look up to violent people as role models.

Accepted Answer

The habituation effect means that with repeated exposure, someone becomes desensitized to the stimulus. Therefore, parents are concerned that their children will no longer be shocked or affected by violent acts if they are constantly exposed to them on television.

Question 7

Infants as young as _____ look longer at visual displays in which dimensions in each modality are congruent.
A)2 months
B)4 months
C)9 months
D)13 months

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that infants as young as 4 months look longer at visual displays in which dimensions in each modality (such as size and pitch) are congruent, indicating that they have the ability to detect and perceive cross-modal correspondences.

Question 8

Mark is being held upright by his mother, with his feet touching her lap, when he begins to make stepping motions with his feet. He is demonstrating the _____ reflex.
A)stepping
B)sucking
C)swallowing
D)moro

Accepted Answer

The stepping reflex is when a baby makes stepping or walking motions with their feet when held upright with their feet touching a surface. The sucking reflex is when a baby automatically sucks on any object placed in its mouth. The swallowing reflex is when a baby automatically swallows when something is placed in its mouth. The Moro reflex is when a baby throws its arms out and then inward when startled.

Question 9

James has a disorder in which his two eyes do not line up in the same direction. Which disorder is this?
A)stereopsis
B)tonic neck
C)perceptual narrowing
D)strabismus

Accepted Answer

Strabismus is a condition in which the eyes do not align properly. It can cause double vision, poor depth perception, and eye strain.

Question 10

The brains of 7-month-old infants process the locations at which other people are touched using the corresponding areas of their own
A)somatosensory cortex.
B)hindbrain.
C)cerebellum.
D)motor cortex.

Accepted Answer

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing touch sensations on the body, both from self-touch and from touch from others. Studies have shown that in young infants, including 7-month-olds, the somatosensory cortex responds to touch on others as if it were touch on the infant's own body. This suggests that infants are able to understand and empathize with the experiences of others even before they are able to verbally communicate.

Question 11

Many current theorists of motor development, including Esther Thelen, take the _____ approach.
A)dynamic-systems
B)evolutionary
C)Piagetian
D)changing-modules

Accepted Answer

Esther Thelen is known for her work on dynamic-systems theory, which emphasizes the active role of the child in motor development and the interactions between different systems. This approach emphasizes that motor development is not solely determined by genetic factors or simple maturation, but rather emerges through the ongoing interaction between the child's nervous system, body, and environment.

Question 12

Habituation to a stimulus and increased response to a novel stimulus does NOT indicate
A)a preference for novelty.
B)the ability to differentiate between the two stimuli.
C)learning.
D)a preference for the characteristics of the novel stimulus over the old one.

Accepted Answer

Habituation to a stimulus and increased response to a novel stimulus simply indicate that the organism has become familiar with the old stimulus and is now interested in the new one. It does not necessarily indicate a preference for the characteristics of the novel stimulus over the old one.

Question 13

The use of diapers may _____ development.
A)promote fine motor skill
B)hinder motor skill
C)hinder perceptual
D)promote perceptual

Accepted Answer

Wearing diapers limits the baby's ability to move their legs and hips freely, which can hinder their development of gross motor skills. It may also delay the development of toilet training readiness and thus hinder the acquisition of a new skill. However, it does not necessarily impact fine motor or perceptual development.

Question 14

Which statement about the development of an auditory spatial map is NOT true?
A)It is entirely a result of maturation.
B)It requires integration of auditory information and information from what infants see and touch.
C)It is important for auditory localization.
D)It is a mental representation of how sounds are organized in space.

Accepted Answer

The development of an auditory spatial map is not entirely a result of maturation. It also requires experience and exposure to various sounds and their corresponding locations in space.

Question 15

_____ is an example of a scale error.
A)Attempting to put one's own foot into a tiny doll shoe
B)Attempting to reach for an object that is too far away
C)Misjudging that one can successfully walk down a too-steep incline
D)Mistakenly believing that a large sponge is heavier than a large rock

Accepted Answer

Scale error refers to the tendency of young children to use inappropriate cognitive strategies to solve problems that involve size or scale. Attempting to put one's own foot into a tiny doll shoe is an example of scale error because the child does not understand that their foot is too big for the small shoe.

Question 16

_____ is indicative of a possible neurological problem.
A)The existence of the tonic neck reflex
B)Persistence of any neonatal reflexes past infancy
C)An abnormally strong sucking reflex
D)The disappearance of the grasping reflex

Accepted Answer

Persistence of any neonatal reflexes past infancy can indicate a neurological problem, as these reflexes typically disappear as the child's nervous system matures.

Question 17

Four-month-old infants respond more to a film _____ than to a film _____.
A)of a monkey hopping; of a human hopping
B)that matches the sounds they are hearing; that doesn't match the sounds they are hearing
C)showing a face in which lips move out of sync with the speech they hear; showing a face in which lips move in sync with the speech they hear
D)showing a person saying "Peekaboo!"; showing a hand beating a drumstick against a block

Accepted Answer

Infants are more responsive to audiovisual stimuli that are congruent, such as a film that matches the sounds they are hearing, as it helps them make sense of their environment.

Question 18

Recent research has concluded that infants learn more when they choose what they learn about. This supports the notion of
A)social knowledge.
B)object permanence.
C)active learning.
D)rational learning.

Accepted Answer

The research conclusion supports the idea of active learning, which involves learners actively engaging with the material and choosing what they want to learn. This approach has been shown to lead to better retention and understanding of information, particularly in infants and young children. Choice A (social knowledge) and choice D (rational learning) are not directly related to the research finding. Choice B (object permanence) is a term that refers to an infant's understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, and is not related to the study of how infants learn.

Question 19

Most North American infants can walk alone easily between _____ months of age.
A)9 and 12
B)9 and 15
C)11 and 14
D)12 and 16

Accepted Answer

Most North American infants typically start walking alone easily between 11 and 14 months of age. This developmental milestone can vary, but this range is considered average.

Question 20

Which of the following BEST describes what an affordance is?
A)ability
B)possibility for action
C)perception
D)memory

Accepted Answer

An affordance refers to the potential actions or uses that an object or environment provides to an individual, based on their capabilities and the object's properties.

Quiz 5: Perception, Action, and Learning in Infancy

Research by Baillargeon in which 4½-month-old infants were shown a screen that apparently rotated through a box and a screen that rotated up and stopped at the top of the box demonstrated that infants

Research conducted by Esther Thelen supported which theoretical perspective?

Relative size is an example of which type of depth cue?

Neurons that are activated when a monkey observes another being perform a goal-directed action as though the monkey were performing the action are referred to as _____ neurons.

Parents who are concerned about the habituation effect of their children watching violent acts on television are worried that their children will

Infants as young as _____ look longer at visual displays in which dimensions in each modality are congruent.

Mark is being held upright by his mother, with his feet touching her lap, when he begins to make stepping motions with his feet. He is demonstrating the _____ reflex.

James has a disorder in which his two eyes do not line up in the same direction. Which disorder is this?

The brains of 7-month-old infants process the locations at which other people are touched using the corresponding areas of their own

Many current theorists of motor development, including Esther Thelen, take the _____ approach.

Habituation to a stimulus and increased response to a novel stimulus does NOT indicate

The use of diapers may _____ development.

Which statement about the development of an auditory spatial map is NOT true?

_____ is an example of a scale error.

_____ is indicative of a possible neurological problem.

Four-month-old infants respond more to a film _ than to a film _.

Recent research has concluded that infants learn more when they choose what they learn about. This supports the notion of

Most North American infants can walk alone easily between _____ months of age.

Which of the following BEST describes what an affordance is?