Question 1

A concept defined by the presence of at least one of several possible features is a __________concept.
A) relational
B) conjunctive
C) disjunctive
D) connotative

Accepted Answer

A disjunctive concept is defined by the presence of at least one of several possible features. In other words, the concept includes multiple characteristics or traits, any one of which can be present to define it.

Question 2

Which of the following would most people find the LEAST useful as a prototype of a bird?
A) cardinal
B) blue jay
C) eagle
D) penguin

Accepted Answer

A penguin is not a typical bird as it cannot fly and has specialized adaptations for swimming, making it an atypical prototype for a bird. The other options are all typical birds that could serve as useful prototypes.

Question 3

In a pie eating contest, a "foul" is defined as: "Any use of the hands to remove the contents of the pie, any interference with another contestant, or any attempt to throw a pie at the judges." Used this way, the term "foul" is a __________ concept.
A) connotative
B) conjunctive
C) disjunctive
D) relational

Accepted Answer

The definition of a "foul" in the context of the pie eating contest involves the use of the word "or," indicating a disjunctive relationship between the different actions that constitute a foul. A connotative concept involves implied meanings or associations, a conjunctive concept involves the use of "and," and a relational concept involves a relationship between two or more variables.

Question 4

Most of us tend to think of and identify concepts in terms of ideals or models called
A) prototypes.
B) algorithms.
C) conjunctions.
D) disjunctions.

Accepted Answer

Prototypes are ideals or models that we use to represent concepts in our minds. They help us to categorize and understand the world around us. Algorithms are step-by-step procedures used to solve problems, conjunctions involve the combination of two or more ideas or concepts, and disjunctions involve the separation or exclusion of ideas or concepts.

Question 5

An advertisement states that job applicants must have an A.A.degree or two years of experience.This illustrates a __________ concept.
A) prototypical
B) relational
C) conjunctive
D) disjunctive

Accepted Answer

The advertisement is setting up a disjunctive concept, meaning that applicants must meet one of two criteria: either have an A.A. degree or two years of experience. It is not a prototypical concept as it is not describing an ideal or common example of a job candidate, nor is it conjunctive as it is not requiring both an A.A. degree and two years of experience.

Question 6

It's hard to identify concepts when we can't come up with relevant
A) conjunctive concepts.
B) disjunctive concepts.
C) representativeness algorithms.
D) prototypes.

Accepted Answer

Prototypes are mental representations of typical or idealized examples of a concept. They are crucial in identifying and categorizing concepts, as they serve as a reference point for determining whether an object or idea belongs to a certain category. Without a clear understanding of prototypes, it would be difficult to recognize and distinguish between different concepts.

Question 7

Oversimplified concepts of groups of people are called
A) social stereotypes.
B) disjunctive concepts.
C) representative algorithms.
D) conjunctive concepts.

Accepted Answer

Social stereotypes are oversimplified concepts of groups of people that may not reflect individual differences within the group. They can be inaccurate and lead to prejudice and discrimination.

Question 8

Lambert believes that any student that makes straight A's is socially inept and non-athletic.Regarding straight-A students, Lambert is using a
A) disjunctive concept.
B) social stereotype.
C) conjunctive prototype.
D) denotative concept.

Accepted Answer

Lambert is using a social stereotype, which is a generalization about a group of people based on limited and often inaccurate information. In this case, he is assuming that all straight-A students lack social skills and athletic ability, which is not necessarily true. This statement is based on a biased perception rather than evidence or facts.

Question 9

Psychosis involves the person exhibiting either delusions or hallucinations or delusions and hallucinations.In this example, psychosis would be a __________ concept.
A) prototypical
B) conjunctive
C) disjunctive
D) connotative

Accepted Answer

Psychosis is a disjunctive concept because it includes two distinct types of symptoms (delusions and hallucinations) that are not always present together.

Question 10

In baseball an "out" can occur when a player strikes out, if the player is tagged out while running the bases, or if he hits a ball that is caught by an outfielder.Thus, the concept of an "out" would be considered a __________..
A) prototypical
B) conjunctive
C) disjunctive
D) connotative

Accepted Answer

A disjunctive concept is one that can be defined by the presence of any one of several attributes, as in the case of an "out" in baseball, which can occur in multiple ways.

Question 11

When we form oversimplified concepts based on gender or ethnicity, we are relying on
A) denotative meanings.
B) group thinking.
C) social stereotypes.
D) disjunctive prototypes.

Accepted Answer

When we form oversimplified concepts based on gender or ethnicity, we are relying on social stereotypes. Stereotypes are oversimplified beliefs and assumptions about a particular group, often based on limited or inaccurate information.

Question 12

A person would have the LEAST difficulty in classifying which of the following plants as a tree?
A) magnolia
B) bonsai tree
C) oak
D) palm

Accepted Answer

Oaks are tall and woody plants that have a single trunk with branches and leaves growing outwards, making it easy to classify them as trees. Magnolias, although also woody, can be shrubs or small trees, while bonsai trees are artificially dwarfed versions of other tree species. Palms, on the other hand, are mostly identified by their long, slender stems, and big leaves growing out of the top, which make them more difficult to classify as typical trees.

Question 13

If 98 out of 100 people respond "Golden Retriever" when asked to name what dog best represents the concept "dog," then a golden retriever would be called a
A) denotative concept.
B) prototype.
C) relational concept.
D) feature.

Accepted Answer

A prototype is the most typical and representative example of a category or concept. In this scenario, since 98 out of 100 people selected golden retriever as the best representation of a dog, it can be considered the prototype of the concept "dog."

Question 14

An ideal model used as a prime example of a particular concept is a(n)
A) algorithm.
B) heuristic.
C) prototype.
D) relational concept.

Accepted Answer

An ideal model used as a prime example of a particular concept is called a prototype. Prototypes are used as a standard or benchmark to measure other things against, and are often used in fields like engineering, design, and psychology. Algorithms and heuristics are problem-solving strategies, while relational concepts refer to the relationship between two or more objects or concepts. None of these options fit the definition given in the question.

Question 15

Carol is given a beautiful, but unique glass container with a curved handle.Whether she decides that this container is a decorative vase, bowl, or cup will be determined by her comparison of this container to
A) prototypes.
B) semantic differentials.
C) a series of negative instances.
D) algorithms.

Accepted Answer

Prototypes are mental images or best examples of a category that help individuals categorize new stimuli. Carol's decision of whether the glass container is a vase, bowl, or cup will be dependent on her comparison of the container to the prototypes of each category.

Question 16

Uncle, aunt, brother, and sister would all be considered
A) prototypes.
B) relational concepts.
C) disjunctive concepts.
D) conjunctive concepts.

Accepted Answer

Uncle, aunt, brother, and sister are all examples of relational concepts because their meaning is dependent on the context of a family relationship.

Question 17

Some people refer to a soft drink as either a "coke" or a "pop." Since the word used for a soft drink depends on where you grew up, this type of concept would be considered
A) relational.
B) conjunctive.
C) disjunctive.
D) denotative.

Accepted Answer

The term used for a soft drink varies by region, indicating a relational concept, as it depends on the relationship between language and geographic location.

Question 18

You are directed to go to the orientation session in Ivy Hall, which is the large building to your right as you enter the south entrance to the MCC campus.These directions illustrate __________ concepts.
A) prototypical
B) relational
C) disjunctive
D) conjunctive

Accepted Answer

The directions illustrate "relational" concepts because they describe the location of Ivy Hall in relation to the viewer's position and the south entrance of the MCC campus.

Question 19

Thinking errors often result from using
A) disjunctive concepts.
B) conceptual rules.
C) oversimplified concepts and all-or-nothing thinking.
D) positive and negative instances to classify concepts.

Accepted Answer

Oversimplified concepts and all-or-nothing thinking, such as black-and-white thinking or dichotomous thinking, can lead to thinking errors. Disjunctive concepts, conceptual rules, and positive and negative instances are not necessarily prone to thinking errors in and of themselves.

Question 20

The either/or quality of disjunctive concepts makes them
A) hard to learn.
B) easy to learn.
C) a relational rule.
D) a prototypical rule.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The either/or quality of disjunctive concepts makes...

Quiz 8: Cognition, Language, and Creativity.

A concept defined by the presence of at least one of several possible features is a __________concept.

Which of the following would most people find the LEAST useful as a prototype of a bird?

In a pie eating contest, a "foul" is defined as: "Any use of the hands to remove the contents of the pie, any interference with another contestant, or any attempt to throw a pie at the judges." Used this way, the term "foul" is a __________ concept.

Most of us tend to think of and identify concepts in terms of ideals or models called

An advertisement states that job applicants must have an A.A.degree or two years of experience.This illustrates a __________ concept.

It's hard to identify concepts when we can't come up with relevant

Oversimplified concepts of groups of people are called

Lambert believes that any student that makes straight A's is socially inept and non-athletic.Regarding straight-A students, Lambert is using a

Psychosis involves the person exhibiting either delusions or hallucinations or delusions and hallucinations.In this example, psychosis would be a __________ concept.

In baseball an "out" can occur when a player strikes out, if the player is tagged out while running the bases, or if he hits a ball that is caught by an outfielder.Thus, the concept of an "out" would be considered a __________..

When we form oversimplified concepts based on gender or ethnicity, we are relying on

A person would have the LEAST difficulty in classifying which of the following plants as a tree?

If 98 out of 100 people respond "Golden Retriever" when asked to name what dog best represents the concept "dog," then a golden retriever would be called a

An ideal model used as a prime example of a particular concept is a(n)

Carol is given a beautiful, but unique glass container with a curved handle.Whether she decides that this container is a decorative vase, bowl, or cup will be determined by her comparison of this container to

Uncle, aunt, brother, and sister would all be considered

Some people refer to a soft drink as either a "coke" or a "pop." Since the word used for a soft drink depends on where you grew up, this type of concept would be considered

You are directed to go to the orientation session in Ivy Hall, which is the large building to your right as you enter the south entrance to the MCC campus.These directions illustrate __________ concepts.

Thinking errors often result from using

The either/or quality of disjunctive concepts makes them