Question 1

When a majority-speaking child is taught a second language, it usually results in
A) additive dyslexia.
B) subtractive bilingualism.
C) additive bilingualism.
D) the child becoming less than fluent in both languages.

Accepted Answer

Additive bilingualism refers to the development of proficiency in both the first language and the second language, without the first language being replaced or lost. This is the most common outcome when a majority-speaking child is taught a second language, as they have established language skills and can use those skills to transfer and adapt to the new language.

Question 2

The part of grammar that involves the rules for word order is referred to as
A) semantics.
B) pragmatics.
C) syntax.
D) phonology.

Accepted Answer

Syntax involves the rules for word order in a sentence, including how words are grouped together to create phrases and clauses. Semantics is the study of meaning in language, pragmatics deals with the context and how language is used in social interactions, and phonology focuses on the sounds of language.

Question 3

Regarding bilingual education, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Language is an important sign of group membership.
B) Even when the majority culture is highly dominant, some of its members may feel that recent immigrants and "foreign languages" are eroding their culture.
C) Studies of bilingual students show that those who achieve a high level of ability in two languages become confused and have lower general language skills.
D) For majority group children, learning a second language leads to additive bilingualism.

Accepted Answer

Studies have actually shown that bilingualism can improve general language skills and cognitive abilities. It does not lead to confusion or lower language skills.

Question 4

Juan is a minority child, who does not speak English at home, and attends school in an English-only classroom.Juan will most likely
A) experience subtractive bilingualism.
B) fall behind educationally.
C) become less competent in both his first and second languages.
D) experience all of these.

Accepted Answer

Juan is at risk of experiencing subtractive bilingualism, which means that he may lose proficiency in his first language as he learns English. This can lead to educational consequences and falling behind in school. Additionally, Juan may struggle to become competent in both languages due to lack of support for his home language and limited exposure to English in his home environment. Therefore, Juan is likely to experience all of these challenges.

Question 5

A "cat" can be defined as a furry little animal that goes "meow," while the word "cats" indicates that there is more than one of these little animals.Thus, while "cat" indicates one meaningful unit, "cats" would constitute two
A) phonemes.
B) morphemes.
C) transformations.
D) syntactical units.

Accepted Answer

A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language. "Cat" is one morpheme, while "cats" is two (cat + s). Phonemes are the smallest unit of sound in a language, transformations refer to changes in sentence structure, and syntactical units refer to larger grammatical structures.

Question 6

Which of the following is provided by a language and stands for objects and ideas?
A) algorithms
B) symbols
C) prototypes
D) heuristics

Accepted Answer

Symbols are provided by language and stand for objects and ideas. Algorithms are step-by-step procedures for solving problems, prototypes are early models or samples of a product, and heuristics are general problem-solving strategies.

Question 7

In the English language, an adjective will normally precede the noun, but in Spanish the opposite is true.This difference in placement of the adjective illustrates that the two languages have different rules of
A) grammar.
B) phonology.
C) morphology.
D) semantics.

Accepted Answer

The different placement of the adjective reflects a difference in the grammar rules between English and Spanish. Phonology refers to the sounds within a language, morphology refers to the structure and formation of words, and semantics refers to the meaning of words and how they relate to each other.

Question 8

Jennifer would be classified as a majority child and is presently learning a second language.Jennifer will most likely
A) experience additive bilingualism.
B) improve in a variety of general cognitive skills.
C) experience no threat to her home language.
D) experience all of these.

Accepted Answer

Jennifer would experience additive bilingualism, which means that learning a second language would enhance her cognitive skills without negatively impacting her home language. As a majority child, she would not face any threat to her home language. Therefore, she would experience all of the options given in the question.

Question 9

The smallest meaningful units of speech, such as syllables or words, are called
A) morphemes.
B) phonemes.
C) pheromones.
D) concepts.

Accepted Answer

Morphemes are the smallest units of language that carry meaning. They can be whole words or parts of words, such as prefixes or suffixes.

Question 10

Regarding bilingual education, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Bilingual education tends to be politically unpopular among majority language speakers.
B) The two-way bilingual education program involves majority group children and children with limited English skills being taught part of the day in English and part in a second language.
C) Studies of bilingual students have found that those who achieve a high level of ability in two languages have better control of attention and better problem-solving skills.
D) For both minority and majority children, learning a second language produces subtractive bilingualism, that is, the loss of proficiency in one's native language.

Accepted Answer

For both minority and majority children, learning a second language does not necessarily produce subtractive bilingualism. Studies have actually shown that learning a second language can enhance one's proficiency in their native language, as well as cognitive development and academic achievement.

Question 11

Santos is learning the rules for ordering words in the formation of sentences.Santos is studying
A) structural semantics.
B) pragmatics.
C) syntax.
D) phonology.

Accepted Answer

Santos is studying the rules for ordering words in sentences, which falls under the domain of syntax in linguistics. Structural semantics deals with the meaning of words and their relationships within a sentence, pragmatics deals with the use of language in context and how it affects meaning, and phonology deals with the sounds and pronunciation of words.

Question 12

The basic speech sounds of a language are called
A) morphemes.
B) syllables.
C) phonemes.
D) syntax.

Accepted Answer

Phonemes are the individual units of sound that distinguish one word from another in a particular language. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning, while syllables are units of sound that consist of a vowel sound with or without accompanying consonant sounds. Syntax refers to the rules that govern the way words are combined to form phrases and sentences.

Question 13

The symbols we call words are built out of
A) algorithms and heuristics.
B) conjunctive and disjunctive concepts.
C) morphemes and phonemes.
D) connotative and denotative meanings.

Accepted Answer

Words are made up of morphemes, which are the smallest units of sound that have meaning, and phonemes, which are the individual sounds that make up language. Therefore, option C is correct.

Question 14

The complete set of rules for a language that determines how to make sounds into words and words into sentences is called
A) syntax.
B) grammar.
C) the encoding system.
D) the semantic differential.

Accepted Answer

Grammar is the complete set of rules for a language that determines how to make sounds into words and words into sentences. Syntax is only a part of grammar that deals with the rules for arranging words into grammatically correct sentences. The encoding system is a term used in communication theory to refer to the method used to transform a message into a form that can be transmitted. The semantic differential is a research tool used to measure the connotative meaning of objects, events, and concepts.

Question 15

Jeffrey would be classified as a majority child and is presently learning a second language.Jeffrey will most likely
A) experience additive bilingualism.
B) fall behind educationally.
C) become less competent in both languages as confusion results.
D) experience all of these.

Accepted Answer

Jeffrey, being a majority child who is learning a second language, would most likely experience additive bilingualism, where he becomes proficient in both languages without any negative impact on his first language or educational performance. Falling behind educationally (B) or becoming less competent in both languages (C) is less likely to occur with additive bilingualism.

Question 16

In which programs are majority group children and children with limited English skills taught part of the day in English and part in a second language?
A) English immersion programs
B) English as a second language programs
C) two-way bilingual education programs
D) This describes all of these bilingual programs.

Accepted Answer

This describes two-way bilingual education programs, where both majority group children and children with limited English skills are taught part of the day in English and part in a second language. English immersion programs and English as a second language programs do not incorporate teaching in a second language. Therefore, D is incorrect, and B is only partially correct.

Question 17

Elmer is attending speech therapy classes because he has a frontal lisp, that is, he mispronounces the "s" sound as a "th." For example, he might say that "the thun thines in the morning." Elmer is exhibiting a problem with
A) syntax.
B) transformations.
C) morphemes.
D) phonemes.

Accepted Answer

Elmer's problem is with the pronunciation of a specific sound, which falls under the category of phonemes. The other choices (syntax, transformations, morphemes) are not related to the specific problem Elmer is experiencing.

Question 18

Little Mickey says, "Wook at the wabbit." Mickey is having trouble with the "l" and "r" speech sounds, which would be classified as a __________ problem.
A) phoneme
B) morpheme
C) syntax
D) transformational

Accepted Answer

The trouble with the "l" and "r" speech sounds is a phoneme problem, as these sounds are both phonemes in the English language.

Question 19

Two-way bilingual education eliminates the problems of subtractive bilingualism by
A) ignoring the English language until the child has proficiency in basic academics using their native language.
B) teaching half the day in English and the other half of the day in the second language.
C) focusing on English only for academics.
D) immersing the child in the English language, totally eliminating the competing language.

Accepted Answer

Two-way bilingual education teaches students in both their native language and English, ensuring that they are not losing their first language while acquiring a second language. This method promotes additive bilingualism, where the child’s linguistic and cultural background is valued and preserved, and the child is not forced to choose one language over the other. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

Question 20

The prefix "Anti" is an example of
A) a phoneme.
B) syntax.
C) a transformation.
D) a morpheme.

Accepted Answer

The prefix "anti" is a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning in a language. It changes the meaning of the base word it is attached to, in this case, indicating opposition or against.

Quiz 8: Cognition, Language, and Creativity.

When a majority-speaking child is taught a second language, it usually results in

The part of grammar that involves the rules for word order is referred to as

Regarding bilingual education, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Juan is a minority child, who does not speak English at home, and attends school in an English-only classroom.Juan will most likely

A "cat" can be defined as a furry little animal that goes "meow," while the word "cats" indicates that there is more than one of these little animals.Thus, while "cat" indicates one meaningful unit, "cats" would constitute two

Which of the following is provided by a language and stands for objects and ideas?

In the English language, an adjective will normally precede the noun, but in Spanish the opposite is true.This difference in placement of the adjective illustrates that the two languages have different rules of

Jennifer would be classified as a majority child and is presently learning a second language.Jennifer will most likely

The smallest meaningful units of speech, such as syllables or words, are called

Regarding bilingual education, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Santos is learning the rules for ordering words in the formation of sentences.Santos is studying

The basic speech sounds of a language are called

The symbols we call words are built out of

The complete set of rules for a language that determines how to make sounds into words and words into sentences is called

Jeffrey would be classified as a majority child and is presently learning a second language.Jeffrey will most likely

In which programs are majority group children and children with limited English skills taught part of the day in English and part in a second language?

Elmer is attending speech therapy classes because he has a frontal lisp, that is, he mispronounces the "s" sound as a "th." For example, he might say that "the thun thines in the morning." Elmer is exhibiting a problem with

Little Mickey says, "Wook at the wabbit." Mickey is having trouble with the "l" and "r" speech sounds, which would be classified as a __________ problem.

Two-way bilingual education eliminates the problems of subtractive bilingualism by

The prefix "Anti" is an example of