Question 1

Justin became fearful of doctors and nurses because doctors and nurses were paired with painful shots.Justin's doctor has his office in a round brick building.Now any round brick building will elicit fear and crying from Justin.Becoming fearful of round brick buildings because a round brick building was associated with doctors and nurses is an example of
A) shaping.
B) extinction.
C) vicarious conditioning.
D) higher-order conditioning.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of higher-order conditioning because Justin's fear of doctors and nurses has been generalized to a new stimulus, the round brick building, through association.

Question 2

In classical conditioning, which of the following extends learning one or more steps beyond the original conditioned stimulus?
A) the law of effect
B) response chaining
C) higher-order conditioning
D) instrumental conditioning

Accepted Answer

Higher-order conditioning involves pairing a new neutral stimulus with an already established conditioned stimulus, resulting in the new stimulus also becoming a conditioned stimulus. This extends learning beyond the original conditioned stimulus. The other options - the law of effect, response chaining, and instrumental conditioning - do not involve extending learning beyond the original conditioned stimulus.

Question 3

Those who advocate the information view of conditioning believe the end product of conditioning to be
A) "stamped-in" responses.
B) mental expectations about events.
C) automatic stimulus-response chains.
D) response chains.

Accepted Answer

The information view of conditioning emphasizes the role of mental representations and expectations in learning. According to this view, the end product of conditioning is not simply a set of "stamped-in" responses, but rather a set of mental expectations about how events are related. These expectations can then guide behavior in a variety of situations.

Question 4

Which of the following involves using a well-learned conditioned stimulus (CS)as an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
A) acquisitional training
B) higher-order conditioning
C) shaping
D) extinction

Accepted Answer

Higher-order conditioning involves using a well-learned conditioned stimulus (CS) as an unconditioned stimulus (US) to condition a new stimulus.

Question 5

To observe conditioning, one could ring a bell and squirt lemon juice into Johnny's mouth.By repeating this procedure several times, you could condition Johnny to salivate to the bell.Conditioning will be most rapid if the US follows immediately after the CS.In this example, the CS would be
A) the lemon juice.
B) the bell.
C) salivation to the bell.
D) salivation to the lemon juice.

Accepted Answer

The CS (conditioned stimulus) is the bell, as it is the stimulus that is being paired with the unconditioned stimulus (US), which is the lemon juice. The goal is to condition Johnny to salivate to the sound of the bell (CS) alone, without needing the US (lemon juice) present.

Question 6

In a television commercial, an advertiser shows a party scene with many college-age students having a great time.The advertiser's product, a new lite-beer, is prominently displayed in the scene.This advertiser is hoping that his product will become associated with fun.Therefore, when a college student is in a store, he or she will associate this new beer will good feelings and fun.The advertiser is depending on which of the following to sell his product?
A) higher-order conditioning
B) shaping
C) response chaining
D) extinction

Accepted Answer

The advertiser is hoping to create a positive association with their product through higher-order conditioning. By portraying a fun party scene and associating it with their lite-beer, they are hoping that the positive emotions associated with the party will transfer onto their product and lead to a desire to purchase.

Question 7

We process associations among events, and, in so doing, create new, unconscious, mental expectancies about how events are interconnected, according to the
A) ​informational view.
B) ​law of effect.
C) ​instrumental view.
D) ​Premack principle.

Accepted Answer

The informational view proposes that we create mental representations of associations among events, which in turn create expectancies about how events are interconnected. This process occurs unconsciously and helps us navigate and respond to our environment. The other choices (law of effect, instrumental view, and Premack principle) are related to learning theory and behaviorism, and are not directly relevant to the idea of creating mental expectancies.

Question 8

According to the informational view, the brain learns to anticipate the future event of the US following the CS.Thus, this view explains classical conditioning in terms of
A) reinforcement.
B) instrumental conditioning.
C) a mental expectancy.
D) a consequence.

Accepted Answer

The informational view explains classical conditioning in terms of a mental expectancy, where the brain learns to anticipate the future event of the US following the CS.

Question 9

A nurse elicits fear and anxiety as a result of being present when a child received a shot.If this same nurse is paired with a thermometer, the child may also learn to fear the thermometer.This situation demonstrates
A) higher-order conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) vicarious conditioning.

Accepted Answer

This situation demonstrates higher-order conditioning because the fear response initially developed with the nurse, and then was extended to the thermometer through the pairing of the two stimuli.

Question 10

Three-year-old Josh has been classically conditioned to salivate to a bell.We now clap our hands and then ring the bell.Little Josh will soon learn to salivate when we clap our hands because of
A) the law of effect.
B) shaping.
C) higher-order conditioning.
D) instrumental conditioning.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of higher-order conditioning, where a previously neutral stimulus (clapping hands) becomes associated with a conditioned stimulus (bell) and elicits the same response (salivation) as the conditioned stimulus. The conditioning effect is transferred from the bell to the new stimulus (clapping hands) through this higher-order pairing. The other options (law of effect, shaping, instrumental conditioning) are not applicable to this scenario.

Question 11

For optimal conditioning, the minimum delay between the CS and US should be
A) a half second to five seconds.
B) 15 to 30 seconds.
C) 40 to 50 seconds.
D) one to two minutes.

Accepted Answer

According to research on classical conditioning, the optimal delay between the CS and US is typically between a half second to five seconds. This brief delay ensures that the two stimuli are closely associated in time, which maximizes learning and conditioning. Delay periods outside of this range can lead to weaker conditioning or even interference with learning.

Question 12

Gina likes to upset Tim by scratching her fingernails against the chalkboard as she enters their classroom.Now, whenever Gina enters a classroom that Tim is in, he automatically tenses up because he expects her to scratch the chalkboard.This explanation of Tim's behavior is consistent with
A) the informational view.
B) the interactionism theory.
C) the law of effect.
D) shaping.

Accepted Answer

The informational view suggests that past experiences provide individuals with expectations about what will happen next, based on previous associations between stimuli and responses. In this case, Tim's past experiences with Gina scratching the chalkboard have led him to expect her to do so in the future, causing him to tense up automatically.

Question 13

In higher-order conditioning, a well-learned CS serves as which type of stimulus in a new pairing situation?
A) neutral stimulus
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) discriminating stimulus
D) dual conditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

The answer of In higher-order conditioning, a well-learned CS serves...

Question 14

Advertisers often try to use higher-order conditioning by
A) pairing images that evoke good feelings with pictures of their products.
B) sounding loud tones at key points in the advertisement.
C) reducing fear or anxiety as they repeatedly show the same commercial.
D) repeating the same slogan over and over again.

Accepted Answer

Higher-order conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus that has already been associated with an unconditioned stimulus. In advertising, this could involve pairing images or messages that evoke positive emotions with the product being advertised, creating a positive association in the viewer's mind. Option A is the best choice because it describes this process accurately. Option B (sounding loud tones) does not relate to higher-order conditioning, and options C and D (reducing fear/anxiety and repeating a slogan) do not necessarily involve the pairing of stimuli required for higher-order conditioning.

Question 15

In terms of the informational view, classical conditioning occurs when we
A) expect that a certain response will be reinforced at certain times.
B) learn that a response was right and therefore worth repeating.
C) experience contingent responses.
D) expect the US will follow the CS.

Accepted Answer

The informational view of classical conditioning states that classical conditioning occurs when an organism learns that a certain stimulus (CS) reliably predicts the occurrence of another stimulus (US). This means that the organism expects the US to follow the CS. Therefore, option D is the best choice. Option A is incorrect because it refers to operant conditioning, not classical conditioning. Option B is incorrect because it implies that reinforcement is involved, which is not necessarily true in classical conditioning. Option C is incorrect because it is a vague statement that does not specifically relate to the defining characteristic of classical conditioning.

Question 16

Presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus will result in
A) reinforcement.
B) generalization.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) extinction.

Accepted Answer

Presenting the conditioned stimulus (CS) without the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) will eventually lead to extinction of the conditioned response (CR). This means that the CS no longer elicits the CR, as the association between the CS and UCS has been weakened or eliminated through repeated exposure to the CS without the UCS.

Question 17

Regarding the informational view, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Pavlov believed that classical conditioning involved higher mental processes, such as mental expectancies.
B) Many psychologists believe that classical conditioning has cognitive origins because it is related to information that might aid survival.
C) According to this informational view, we process associations among events, and, in so doing, create new, unconscious, mental expectancies about how events are interconnected.
D) During classical conditioning, the brain learns to expect that the US will follow the CS.

Accepted Answer

The false statement is that Pavlov believed that classical conditioning involved higher mental processes, such as mental expectancies. In fact, Pavlov believed that classical conditioning was a lower-level, automatic process that did not involve conscious expectation or cognition.

Question 18

The perspective that explains learning as a mental expectancy of an upcoming association between two events is known as
A) the law of effect.
B) the interactional view.
C) the informational view.
D) latent learning.

Accepted Answer

The perspective that explains learning as a mental expectancy of an upcoming association between two events is known as the informational view. This view emphasizes the importance of cognitive processes such as attention, perception, and memory in learning. It suggests that learning occurs when new information is integrated with existing knowledge and expectations, creating mental representations that guide behavior.

Question 19

When you are about to get a shot with a hypodermic needle, your muscles tighten and there is a catch in your breathing because you have learned to expect that getting poked with a needle will be painful.This explanation of your behavior is consistent with
A) the informational view.
B) the interactionism theory.
C) the law of effect.
D) shaping.

Accepted Answer

The informational view suggests that our behaviors are shaped by our past experiences and expectations about the consequences of those behaviors. In this case, the person has learned from past experiences that getting poked with a needle will be painful, which leads to the muscle tension and breathing changes.

Question 20

In higher-order conditioning, the
A) US is used as if it were a CS.
B) US is used as if it were a CR.
C) CS is used as if it were a UR.
D) CS is used as if it were a US.

Accepted Answer

In higher-order conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus (CS1) is paired with an already established conditioned stimulus (CS2), so that CS1 leads to a conditioned response (CR) even without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus (US). Thus, CS1 is used as if it were a US.

Quiz 6: Conditioning and Learning.

In classical conditioning, which of the following extends learning one or more steps beyond the original conditioned stimulus?

Those who advocate the information view of conditioning believe the end product of conditioning to be

Which of the following involves using a well-learned conditioned stimulus (CS) as an unconditioned stimulus (US) ?

To observe conditioning, one could ring a bell and squirt lemon juice into Johnny's mouth.By repeating this procedure several times, you could condition Johnny to salivate to the bell.Conditioning will be most rapid if the US follows immediately after the CS.In this example, the CS would be

We process associations among events, and, in so doing, create new, unconscious, mental expectancies about how events are interconnected, according to the

According to the informational view, the brain learns to anticipate the future event of the US following the CS.Thus, this view explains classical conditioning in terms of

A nurse elicits fear and anxiety as a result of being present when a child received a shot.If this same nurse is paired with a thermometer, the child may also learn to fear the thermometer.This situation demonstrates

Three-year-old Josh has been classically conditioned to salivate to a bell.We now clap our hands and then ring the bell.Little Josh will soon learn to salivate when we clap our hands because of

For optimal conditioning, the minimum delay between the CS and US should be

Gina likes to upset Tim by scratching her fingernails against the chalkboard as she enters their classroom.Now, whenever Gina enters a classroom that Tim is in, he automatically tenses up because he expects her to scratch the chalkboard.This explanation of Tim's behavior is consistent with

In higher-order conditioning, a well-learned CS serves as which type of stimulus in a new pairing situation?

Advertisers often try to use higher-order conditioning by

In terms of the informational view, classical conditioning occurs when we

Presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus will result in

Regarding the informational view, which of the following statements is FALSE?

The perspective that explains learning as a mental expectancy of an upcoming association between two events is known as

When you are about to get a shot with a hypodermic needle, your muscles tighten and there is a catch in your breathing because you have learned to expect that getting poked with a needle will be painful.This explanation of your behavior is consistent with

In higher-order conditioning, the