Question 1

The fact that rats running a maze will go directly to a food goal box instead of a previously learned longer route indicates that rats
A) learn a series of responses only.
B) learn what turns to take in a maze to get to a reward.
C) are smarter than monkeys when it comes to finding food.
D) learn the location of the reward.

Accepted Answer

This behavior shows that the rats have learned the exact location of the food goal box, rather than just a series of responses or turns in the maze.

Question 2

Barry is making a decision concerning which job he will accept.He remembers how it was in similar jobs in the past and anticipates potential rewards and problems on each of these jobs.Like all humans, Barry's decision making is greatly affected by information, expectations, and his perceptions and demonstrates the impact of
A) operant conditioning.
B) vicarious classical conditioning.
C) cognitive learning.
D) instrumental learning.

Accepted Answer

Barry's decision making is greatly affected by his perceptions and expectations, which are key components of cognitive learning. Operant conditioning, vicarious classical conditioning, and instrumental learning all involve behavior modification through reinforcement, punishment, or observation of others' behavior, which are not directly applicable to Barry's decision making process.

Question 3

An internal representation of a relationship that acts as a guide would be referred to as a(n)
A) cognitive map.
B) cognitive antecedent.
C) eidetic image.
D) non-operant response.

Accepted Answer

A cognitive map is a mental representation of a spatial relationship, which can include information about objects and their relationships to each other, and serves as a guide for navigating and interacting in one's environment. The other options, cognitive antecedent, eidetic image, and non-operant response, do not refer specifically to an internal representation of a relationship.

Question 4

Cindy has watched her mother cook for several months.However, today her mother is ill so Cindy offers to cook.Cindy has never had to cook before, but she does an excellent job without any assistance.This demonstrates
A) insight.
B) latent learning.
C) vicarious classical conditioning.
D) higher-order conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Cindy's ability to cook without any previous practice or guidance suggests latent learning, which occurs when learning takes place but is not demonstrated until a later time. This is supported by the fact that she had been observing her mother cook for several months and was able to apply that knowledge without direct instruction. The other options do not explain this situation as well. Insight refers to a sudden understanding of a problem or situation, which does not seem to be the case here. Vicarious classical conditioning involves learning through observing the consequences of others' behavior, which is not directly relevant to this scenario. Higher-order conditioning involves using a previously conditioned stimulus to condition a new stimulus, which is not applicable in this situation.

Question 5

You have a mental picture of how your city is organized so that you can easily take an alternate route if there is a traffic jam.Psychologists call this a(n)
A) intuitive map.
B) cognitive map.
C) latent map.
D) discovery map.

Accepted Answer

The term used by psychologists for the mental picture of how an individual's environment is organized is called a cognitive map.

Question 6

Learning your way through the various levels of a video game requires that you develop which of the following regarding this video game?
A) a cognitive map
B) a behavioral contract
C) automatic adaptation
D) projective assessment

Accepted Answer

Learning your way through the levels of a video game requires that you develop a cognitive map, which is a mental representation of the game's layout and mechanics. This allows you to plan and execute strategies to progress through the game. A behavioral contract is a written agreement between two parties outlining specific behaviors and consequences, and is not applicable in this context. Automatic adaptation is a general term that does not specifically apply to learning a video game. Projective assessment involves psychological testing methods that ask subjects to respond to ambiguous stimuli, and is not applicable in this context.

Question 7

In a classic experiment, two groups of rats explored a maze with the first group being rewarded with food at the end of the maze, while the second group wandered the maze but were unrewarded and showed no signs of learning.But later, when the "uneducated" rats were given food, they ran the maze as quickly as the rewarded group.The unrewarded animals had nevertheless learned their way around the maze, which demonstrated a type of learning referred to as
A) classical conditioning.
B) respondent conditioning.
C) latent learning.
D) instrumental learning.

Accepted Answer

The type of learning demonstrated by the second group of rats is latent learning, which occurs when learning is not immediately demonstrated but is later shown when reinforcement is present. This is different from classical conditioning, which involves learning through association between two stimuli, respondent conditioning, which involves learning through involuntary responses to stimuli, and instrumental learning, which involves learning through the consequences of behavior.

Question 8

If you give an attractive classmate a ride home, you may make mental notes about how to get to his or her house, even if a date is only a remote future possibility.This illustrates
A) classical conditioning.
B) shaping.
C) latent learning.
D) discovery learning.

Accepted Answer

This scenario demonstrates latent learning, which refers to learning that is not immediately expressed in behavior but can be called upon when needed. The individual is learning the route to the attractive classmate's house even though they have no immediate need for the information, but may use it in the future if they go on a date or need to provide another ride home. Classical conditioning is a type of learning that occurs through the association of two stimuli, and shaping and discovery learning involve more active participation and feedback from the learner.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?
A) knowing where the emergency exits are in a theater even though you have never used them
B) becoming emotional in the presence of bees after you receive a bee sting
C) Pavlov's dogs learning to salivate to a bell
D) a person in an institution being rewarded for exhibiting healthy behavior with tokens

Accepted Answer

Latent learning is learning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior change, but rather is only evident when a specific motivation or incentive arises. Knowing where the emergency exits are in a theater without ever using them is an example of latent learning because the knowledge is not immediately put into action but is available for use in an emergency situation. Becoming emotional in the presence of bees after getting stung is an example of classical conditioning, Pavlov's dogs learning to salivate to a bell is an example of classical conditioning, and a person in an institution being rewarded for exhibiting healthy behavior with tokens is an example of operant conditioning.

Question 10

Memory, thinking, problem-solving, and the use of concepts, language, and feedback are all involved in
A) operant learning.
B) instrumental conditioning.
C) response-dependent learning.
D) cognitive learning.

Accepted Answer

Memory, thinking, problem-solving, and the use of concepts, language, and feedback are all involved in cognitive learning, which emphasizes the active mental processing of information. Operant learning, instrumental conditioning, and response-dependent learning are all types of behavioral learning that focus on the relationship between stimuli and responses, but do not necessarily involve complex cognitive processes.

Question 11

A core assumption of early theories of associative learning was that learning did not require any thinking, or cognition.Animals, it was widely assumed, did not have "minds" and certainly could not "think" in anyway like humans do.A classic series of studies conducted in the 1930s at the University of California at Berkeley, began to challenge this assumption.These experiments that involved rats finding their way through mazes and which demonstrated latent learning were conducted by psychologist
A) Edward Tolman.
B) B.F.Skinner.
C) John B.Watson.
D) Albert Bandura.

Accepted Answer

The studies involving rats finding their way through mazes and demonstrating latent learning were conducted by Edward Tolman.

Question 12

Which of the following types of learning extends beyond basic conditioning into the realms of memory, thinking, problem solving, and language?
A) operant learning
B) instrumental learning
C) cognitive learning
D) Pavlovian cognition

Accepted Answer

Cognitive learning involves higher mental processes such as memory, thinking, problem solving, and language, whereas operant and instrumental learning primarily involve basic conditioning of behavior in response to rewards and punishments. Pavlovian cognition is not a recognized term in psychology.

Question 13

Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and remains hidden until reinforcement is provided is known as
A) instrumental learning.
B) latent learning.
C) covert conditioning.
D) respondent conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to learning that is not immediately expressed or manifested in behavior, but rather remains hidden or latent until the appropriate context or reinforcement is provided. This type of learning was famously demonstrated in studies with rats conducted by Tolman and Honzik, where rats were allowed to explore a maze without any obvious reinforcement or reward. Later, when food was placed at the end of the maze, the rats who had previously explored the maze without reinforcement were able to quickly find the food, suggesting that they had learned the layout of the maze even without any obvious reinforcement.

Question 14

In a classic experiment, two groups of rats explored a maze with the first group being rewarded with food at the end of the maze, while the second group wandered the maze but were unrewarded and showed no signs of learning.Later, when the second group was rewarded with food at the end of the maze, this second group of "uneducated" rats
A) only then began to learn the maze.
B) learned the maze but always showed a much slower completion time as compared to the first group.
C) ran the maze as quickly as the first group.
D) never learned the maze until numerous feeding trials were utilized.

Accepted Answer

This experiment demonstrates latent learning, where the second group of rats had actually learned the maze during their unrewarded explorations but only demonstrated this knowledge once a reward was introduced, running the maze as quickly as the first group.

Question 15

It has been found that in humans, latent learning often occurs because of
A) indirect reinforcement.
B) immediate gratification.
C) operant conditioning.
D) the anticipation of future reward.

Accepted Answer

Latent learning involves the acquisition of knowledge or skills that are not immediately manifested in overt behavior. This type of learning occurs when the learner acquires information about the environment through observation or experience, but does not demonstrate the learning until later when there is a need for it or a clear incentive to do so. The anticipation of future reward is a common motivation for latent learning, as it provides the learner with a reason to engage in behavior that may not have a clear immediate benefit. Indirect reinforcement, immediate gratification, and operant conditioning are all important factors in other types of learning, but are not as closely related to latent learning.

Question 16

Latent learning involves learning without any obvious
A) reinforcement.
B) practice.
C) response expectancies.
D) cognitive shaping.

Accepted Answer

Latent learning involves learning without any obvious reinforcement. It refers to the acquisition of knowledge that is not immediately manifested in overt behavior or response, but instead remains "hidden" until a situation calls for it to be revealed.

Question 17

Internal images or other mental representations of an area (maze, city, campus, etc.)that underlie an ability to choose alternative paths to the same goal is a(n)
A) cognitive map.
B) cognitive antecedent.
C) eidetic image.
D) non-operant response.

Accepted Answer

A cognitive map is an internal representation of an area that allows an individual to navigate and choose alternative paths to reach a goal. This ability is important for spatial reasoning and problem-solving. Options B, C, and D do not accurately describe this concept.

Question 18

In a classic experiment, two groups of rats explored a maze with the first group being rewarded with food at the end of the maze, while the second group wandered the maze but were unrewarded and showed no signs of learning.But later, when the "uneducated" rats were given food, they ran the maze as quickly as the rewarded group.The unrewarded animals had nevertheless learned their way around the maze because
A) just satisfying curiosity can be enough to reward latent learning.
B) the rats were classically conditioned to the food reward.
C) the second group of rats had learned vicariously from the first group of rats.
D) just social reinforcement can be enough to encourage learning in all mammals.

Accepted Answer

The fact that the "uneducated" rats were able to quickly run the maze after being given food suggests that they had learned its layout even though they were not explicitly rewarded during the initial exploration. This type of learning is called latent learning, where knowledge acquired in the absence of reinforcement only becomes apparent when there is an incentive to demonstrate it. In this case, the incentive was the food reward, which motivated the rats to use the mental map they had formed of the maze. The other choices are not supported by the information given in the passage. There is no mention of classical conditioning or social reinforcement, and the idea of vicarious learning involves observational learning from others, which is not indicated as a factor in this study.

Question 19

Even though you do not plan to be a teacher, you make mental notes of the way your teacher handles the class or explains a certain topic because it might come in handy one day.These mental notes you are making illustrate
A) instrumental learning.
B) latent learning.
C) covert conditioning.
D) respondent conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to the process of learning that occurs without any obvious reinforcement or reward. In this scenario, the individual is making mental notes about their teacher's behavior and teaching methods without any explicit intention of using them in the future. This is an example of latent learning. The other options, instrumental learning, covert conditioning, and respondent conditioning, do not accurately reflect the scenario described.

Question 20

Regarding latent learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Just satisfying curiosity can be enough to reward latent learning.
B) Latent learning remains hidden until reinforcement is provided.
C) Latent learning is directly associated with respondent conditioning.
D) In humans, latent learning is related to higher-level abilities, such as anticipating future reward.

Accepted Answer

Latent learning is not directly associated with respondent conditioning, which is a type of learning that occurs through the pairing of stimuli and automatic responses. Rather, latent learning is a form of cognitive learning that occurs without immediate reinforcement but is later demonstrated when a reward is offered.

Quiz 6: Conditioning and Learning.

The fact that rats running a maze will go directly to a food goal box instead of a previously learned longer route indicates that rats

An internal representation of a relationship that acts as a guide would be referred to as a(n)

Cindy has watched her mother cook for several months.However, today her mother is ill so Cindy offers to cook.Cindy has never had to cook before, but she does an excellent job without any assistance.This demonstrates

You have a mental picture of how your city is organized so that you can easily take an alternate route if there is a traffic jam.Psychologists call this a(n)

Learning your way through the various levels of a video game requires that you develop which of the following regarding this video game?

If you give an attractive classmate a ride home, you may make mental notes about how to get to his or her house, even if a date is only a remote future possibility.This illustrates

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

Memory, thinking, problem-solving, and the use of concepts, language, and feedback are all involved in

Which of the following types of learning extends beyond basic conditioning into the realms of memory, thinking, problem solving, and language?

Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and remains hidden until reinforcement is provided is known as

It has been found that in humans, latent learning often occurs because of

Latent learning involves learning without any obvious

Internal images or other mental representations of an area (maze, city, campus, etc.) that underlie an ability to choose alternative paths to the same goal is a(n)

Even though you do not plan to be a teacher, you make mental notes of the way your teacher handles the class or explains a certain topic because it might come in handy one day.These mental notes you are making illustrate

Regarding latent learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?