Question 1

In Russia, Ivan Pavlov discovered __________conditioning.
A) vicarious
B) operant
C) classical
D) cognitive

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is most well-known for discovering classical conditioning, a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a reflexive response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits that response.

Question 2

Unlocking the secrets of which type of learning begins with noting what happens before and after a particular behavior?
A) associative learning
B) insight learning
C) cognitive learning
D) vicarious learning

Accepted Answer

Associative learning involves learning by associating a particular behavior with a consequence. Noting what happens before and after a behavior is a key part of this type of learning, as it allows an individual to form associations between the behavior and its consequences. B, C, and D do not necessarily require this type of observation and conditioning.

Question 3

In North America, Edward Thorndike discovered what is today called __________ conditioning.
A) vicarious
B) operant
C) classical
D) cognitive

Accepted Answer

Edward Thorndike is best known for his work in operant conditioning, particularly his formulation of the law of effect, which is a fundamental principle in behaviorism and learning theory.

Question 4

Unlocking the secrets of associative learning begins with noting
A) the level of motivation displayed by the respondent.
B) the level of maturation of the respondent.
C) whether vicarious learning has already occurred.
D) what happens before and after a particular behavior.

Accepted Answer

Associative learning involves the process of linking a particular behavior with a certain outcome or consequence. Therefore, by noting what happens before and after the behavior, one can understand the process of associative learning. Choice A and B may influence the level of engagement or readiness to learn, but they are not directly related to associative learning. Choice C pertains to a different type of learning called observational learning.

Question 5

Which of the following is based on what happens before we respond and begins with a stimulus that reliably triggers a response?
A) observational learning
B) latent learning
C) operant conditioning
D) classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves learning through association between a previously neutral stimulus (which becomes the conditioned stimulus) and an unconditioned stimulus that naturally triggers a response (which becomes the conditioned response). It is based on what happens before we respond, as the response is elicited by the stimulus.

Question 6

In which type of learning is an antecedent stimulus that does not produce a response linked with a stimulus that does produce the response?
A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) cognitive learning
D) instrumental learning

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, a neutral or antecedent stimulus that does not produce a response (such as a bell) is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that does produce a response (such as food), and eventually the neutral stimulus alone will elicit the response (salivation). This process is also referred to as Pavlovian conditioning.

Question 7

The blinking of your eye to a puff of air would be a good example of a(n)
A) antecedent.
B) reflex.
C) precursor.
D) secondary reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

The blinking of your eye to a puff of air is a reflex, an automatic response that is not learned or conditioned. It is a rapid and involuntary action that occurs in response to a specific stimulus in order to protect the eye. Antecedents and precursors refer to events or stimuli that occur before a behavior, but do not necessarily cause the behavior. Secondary reinforcers are stimuli that acquire reinforcing properties through previous association with primary reinforcers (such as food or water).

Question 8

Events that occur just before a response are called
A) respondent stimuli.
B) consequences.
C) antecedents.
D) prologues.

Accepted Answer

Antecedents are events or stimuli that occur just before a response and cue the individual to engage in that response. Respondent stimuli refer to stimuli that elicit an automatic or reflexive response, consequences are events that occur after a response, and prologues are not a recognized term in behavior analysis.

Question 9

When she hears her father at the door, three-year-old Ashley runs to the front door, where she gets a hug from her father.This hug is considered a(n)
A) antecedent.
B) precursor.
C) responding stimulus.
D) consequence.

Accepted Answer

The hug Ashley receives from her father after running to the door is considered a consequence because it follows her behavior of running to the door in response to hearing him. In behavioral terms, a consequence is something that happens immediately after a behavior, which can either reinforce or discourage the behavior.

Question 10

When three-year-old Ashley hears a truck pull into the driveway, it means that Daddy is home.The sound of the truck would be a(n)
A) respondent stimulus.
B) consequence.
C) antecedent.
D) prologue.

Accepted Answer

The sound of the truck is an antecedent, as it precedes the behavior (Daddy coming home) that follows.

Question 11

Regarding associative learning, which of the following discovered classical conditioning?
A) Ivan Pavlov
B) B.F.Skinner
C) Edward Thorndike
D) Albert Bandura

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning through his famous experiments with dogs and their salivation response to the sound of a bell.

Question 12

In which type of learning are reflex responses associated with new stimuli?
A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) cognitive learning
D) insight learning

Accepted Answer

Reflex responses associated with new stimuli are a key feature of classical conditioning. Operant conditioning involves reinforcement or punishment to shape voluntary behaviors, cognitive learning involves acquiring knowledge and understanding through mental processes, and insight learning involves sudden problem-solving through observation and experimentation.

Question 13

When three-year-old Ashley hears her father at the door, she runs to the front door to greet him and receives a hug from her father.This hug is considered a consequence that has what effect on Ashley's response of running to the door?
A) strengthens it
B) classically conditions it
C) vicariously conditions it
D) extinguishes it

Accepted Answer

The hug from her father strengthens Ashley's response of running to the door because it serves as a positive reinforcement. Ashley is more likely to repeat the behavior in the future because she received a pleasant consequence for doing so.

Question 14

Regarding associative learning, which of the following discovered what is now called operant conditioning?
A) Ivan Pavlov
B) Albert Bandura
C) Edward Thorndike
D) John B.Watson

Accepted Answer

Edward Thorndike is credited with discovering operant conditioning, also known as instrumental conditioning. He conducted experiments with cats in puzzle boxes and observed how they learned to escape by trial and error. His research formed the basis for B.F. Skinner's further development of operant conditioning. Ivan Pavlov is known for his work on classical conditioning, Albert Bandura is known for his research on observational learning and social-cognitive theory, and John B. Watson is known for his contribution to behaviorism.

Question 15

Classical conditioning is based on
A) the consequences of making a response.
B) what happens before we respond.
C) punishments the organism receives.
D) the observation of another organism being reinforced for a response.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is based on what happens before we respond. It involves learning to associate an involuntary response (such as a reflex) with a new stimuli. This new stimuli becomes a signal for the original response, which is called the conditioned response.

Question 16

In classical conditioning, learning is evident when a
A) stimulus automatically elicits a consequence.
B) stimulus, which did not initially produce a response, now elicits that response.
C) spontaneously emitted response increases in frequency because of its consequences.
D) subject repeats an action he or she has observed another person perform.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves pairing an initially neutral stimulus (NS) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that elicits an unconditioned response (UCR). Through repeated pairings, the previously neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits a conditioned response (CR) similar to the UCR. In other words, the stimulus that initially did not produce a response (NS) now elicits a response (CR), indicating that learning has occurred.

Question 17

Regarding antecedents, consequences, and associative learning, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?
A) Antecedents occur after a response takes place.
B) Consequences are events that occur just before a response occurs.
C) Paying careful attention to the "before and after" of associative learning is a key to understanding it.
D) All of these statements are true.

Accepted Answer

Antecedents occur before a response, not after. Consequences occur after a response takes place. Paying attention to the before (antecedents) and after (consequences) of associative learning is crucial in understanding it. Therefore, statement C is the only true statement.

Question 18

An automatic, unlearned response is called a(n)
A) antecedent.
B) reflex.
C) consequence.
D) reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

An automatic, unlearned response is referred to as a reflex. A reflex is a simple, automatic response to a stimulus that does not involve conscious thought or learning.

Question 19

A puff of air will make your eye blink every time it hits your eye.If we sound a horn before each puff of air hits your eye several times, you will soon blink to the horn alone.Thus, blinking to the horn illustrates
A) an automatic, non-learned response.
B) learning by consequences.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Blinking to the horn after learning the association between the horn and the puff of air is an example of classical conditioning, where a previously neutral stimulus (the horn) becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (the puff of air) to elicit a conditioned response (the blink).

Question 20

Events that occur just after a response are called
A) antecedents.
B) precursors.
C) stimuli.
D) consequences.

Accepted Answer

Consequences refer to the events that occur just after a response and are a result of that response. They can be reinforcing or punishing, which can affect the likelihood of the behavior occurring again in the future. Antecedents are events that occur before a response, and stimuli refer to any object or event that can stimulate a response. Precursors is not a commonly used term in the field of psychology.

Quiz 6: Conditioning and Learning.

In Russia, Ivan Pavlov discovered __________conditioning.

Unlocking the secrets of which type of learning begins with noting what happens before and after a particular behavior?

In North America, Edward Thorndike discovered what is today called __________ conditioning.

Unlocking the secrets of associative learning begins with noting

Which of the following is based on what happens before we respond and begins with a stimulus that reliably triggers a response?

In which type of learning is an antecedent stimulus that does not produce a response linked with a stimulus that does produce the response?

The blinking of your eye to a puff of air would be a good example of a(n)

Events that occur just before a response are called

When she hears her father at the door, three-year-old Ashley runs to the front door, where she gets a hug from her father.This hug is considered a(n)

When three-year-old Ashley hears a truck pull into the driveway, it means that Daddy is home.The sound of the truck would be a(n)

Regarding associative learning, which of the following discovered classical conditioning?

In which type of learning are reflex responses associated with new stimuli?

When three-year-old Ashley hears her father at the door, she runs to the front door to greet him and receives a hug from her father.This hug is considered a consequence that has what effect on Ashley's response of running to the door?

Regarding associative learning, which of the following discovered what is now called operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning is based on

In classical conditioning, learning is evident when a

Regarding antecedents, consequences, and associative learning, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

An automatic, unlearned response is called a(n)

A puff of air will make your eye blink every time it hits your eye.If we sound a horn before each puff of air hits your eye several times, you will soon blink to the horn alone.Thus, blinking to the horn illustrates

Events that occur just after a response are called