Question 1

Three of the following examples are consistent with how epistemic beliefs typically change as learners grow older. Which one is not consistent with typical developmental trends in epistemic beliefs?
A) Anna used to think that studying history involved memorizing facts-names, dates, places, etc. She now believes that studying history involves learning interrelationships among historical events-how one event led to another, and so on.
B) Beatrice used to think that scientists might have different but possibly equally valid views of how the world operates. She now believes that there is probably only one correct explanation-one that scientists will eventually determine.
C) Charmaine used to think that if she was going to learn a particular mathematical concept, she would learn it either quickly or not at all. She now believes that her understanding of particularly difficult math concepts may evolve slowly over time and require considerable effort on her part.
D) Delores used to think that people were naturally either "good at" or "not good at" learning a foreign language. She now believes that successful learning results more from persistence and hard work.

Accepted Answer

The belief that there is only one correct explanation and that scientists will eventually determine it is not consistent with the typical developmental trend of epistemic beliefs. As learners mature, they often come to recognize that scientific knowledge is tentative and subject to revision based on new evidence and perspectives, rather than assuming that there is only one correct answer.

Question 2

Three of the following are beliefs of epistemology. Which of the following is not a relevant belief to the study of epistemology?
A) The source of knowledge
B) The nature of learning ability
C) The speed of learning
D) The capacity of memory

Accepted Answer

The answer of Three of the following are beliefs of...

Question 3

Of the many learning and study strategies students might use, covert strategies are ultimately more beneficial than overt strategies. Which one of the following is a covert strategy?
A) Elaboration
B) Note taking
C) Outlining
D) Writing a summary

Accepted Answer

Covert strategies are mental processes that students use to organize and retain information without necessarily creating an external product. Elaboration is an example of a covert strategy because it involves mentally connecting new information to existing knowledge and understanding. Note-taking, outlining, and writing a summary are all overt strategies because they involve creating an external product (e.g., a list of points, a diagram, a written summary).

Question 4

Mnemonics probably facilitate memory in a number of ways. Which one of the following is not a potential advantage of mnemonics?
A) They relate new information to what a person already knows.
B) They expand the capacity of working memory.
C) They help organize information.
D) They provide retrieval cues.

Accepted Answer

Mnemonic techniques do not actually expand the capacity of working memory. Instead, they help to organize and remember information more efficiently within the limitations of working memory.

Question 5

When students are reading a textbook, their comprehension monitoring is most effective if it occurs:
A) Before they read a passage
B) Immediately after they've read a passage
C) Several minutes or hours after they've read a passage
D) Both immediately after they've read a passage and also at some later time

Accepted Answer

Comprehension monitoring is most effective if it occurs both immediately after reading a passage and at some later time. This allows for immediate feedback and correction, as well as the opportunity to review and solidify understanding over time.

Question 6

As children develop, their metacognitive knowledge changes in a number of ways. Which one of the following is a false statement about how metacognition changes with development?
A) Children sometimes use effective strategies unconsciously before they begin to use them consciously and intentionally.
B) Older children engage in more comprehension monitoring than younger children.
C) Younger children are more aware of their own thought processes than older children are.
D) Children become increasingly adept at using rehearsal to remember something.

Accepted Answer

This statement is false. Research suggests that older children have more metacognitive awareness and are more likely to engage in planning, monitoring, and evaluating their own thinking compared to younger children. Younger children, on the other hand, often struggle with understanding their own thought processes and may have difficulty regulating their own behavior and emotions.

Question 7

Learners' epistemic beliefs can best be described as learners' views about:
A) What instructional techniques are most likely to help them learn classroom material
B) How researchers develop theories from the data they collect
C) How long they are likely to remember the things that they learn in school
D) The nature of knowledge and how it is acquired

Accepted Answer

Learners' epistemic beliefs are their views or assumptions about the nature of knowledge, how it is acquired, and the criteria for valid knowledge claims. It includes beliefs about the certainty and stability of knowledge, the role of authority and personal experience in knowledge acquisition, and the relationship between knowledge and the learner. Choice A is more related to learners' preferences for instructional strategies, while choice B pertains to the process of scientific inquiry. Choice C is more about learners' metacognitive beliefs about their own memory and forgetting, rather than their beliefs about knowledge.

Question 8

Three of the following are examples of mnemonics. Which one is not a mnemonic?
A) To learn the letters identifying the spaces on the treble clef F A C E), Annabelle simply remembers the word face.
B) To learn how to drive a car with a standard transmission, Bart practices the various parts of the task
C) To learn that the Spanish word pájaro means "bird," Corey pictures a bird wearing pajamas.
D) To learn that the Spanish word navidad means "Christmas," Dorene thinks of the word nativity.
E)g., steering, shifting, and braking) separately.

Accepted Answer

Option B is not a mnemonic because it does not involve any memorization technique or mental aid for remembering information. Instead, it describes a method of practicing a task to improve one's skill. The other options all involve some form of mnemonic device, such as using a word or image to remember information.

Question 9

To remember the four states that come together at a single point Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah), Marcia remembers "CANU" pronounced like "canoe"). Marcia's technique illustrates the use of:
A) the keyword method
B) a superimposed meaningful structure
C) the method of loci
D) the pegword method

Accepted Answer

Marcia used a superimposed meaningful structure by creating the word "CANU" pronounced as "canoe" to remember the four states that come together at a single point. The keyword method involves creating a visual image of a word that sounds like the to-be-remembered word, the method of loci involves associating items with a sequence of familiar physical locations, and the pegword method involves creating associations between to-be-remembered items and a list of pre-established words.

Question 10

Considering trends in metacognitive development, only one of the following statements is accurate. Which one?
A) Learners of all ages generally know the things they know and the things they don't.
B) Elementary students have a better sense of what they do and don't know than high school students do.
C) Students tend to know a great many things that they don't realize they know.
D) Students across the K-12 grade span often think they know things that they really don't know.

Accepted Answer

This statement is accurate according to research on metacognitive development. Students of all ages tend to overestimate their level of knowledge and understanding, but this tendency is more common among younger students who have yet to develop more accurate self-assessment skills. As students progress through school, they may develop a more nuanced sense of what they know and don't know, but they still tend to think they know more than they actually do.

Question 11

Norman is studying Chinese and needs to remember that the word for "exit" is chu, so he remembers the sentence The choo-choo train is exiting from the station. Norman's technique illustrates the use of:
A) an external retrieval cue
B) the keyword method
C) the pegword method
D) verbal mediation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Norman is studying Chinese and needs to...

Question 12

Jenny is three years old. Which of the following beliefs about epistemology is she most likely to hold?
A) Authoritative; information she learns only comes from authority figures
B) Realist; information she gains from other people is truth
C) Absolutist; information she hears is either true of false
D) Multiplist; conflicting information she learns from different people can all be true

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jenny is three years old. Which of...

Question 13

To remember that the capital of Maine is Augusta, Bart pictures a lion with a gust of wind blowing through its mane. Bart's technique illustrates:
A) the keyword method
B) verbal mediation
C) the method of loci
D) an external retrieval cue

Accepted Answer

Bart is creating a mental image (lion with gust of wind through its mane) that is associated with the keyword "Augusta." This is an example of the keyword method, which involves creating associations between a new word and a more familiar word or image.

Question 14

Which one of the following pairs of students best illustrates a difference with respect to students' epistemic beliefs?
A) Irene thinks that doing well in high school is important for getting into a good college, but Isabelle thinks that she can get into college with mediocre grades as long as she has high SAT scores.
B) Julie likes going to school because that's where she sees her friends every day, but Janette likes going to school because of all the new things she learns there.
C) Keith thinks that learning chemistry is a process of memorizing symbols and formulas, but Kareem thinks that chemistry involves trying to understand the nature of elements and compounds.
D) Loren is well aware of the criteria his teacher is using to evaluate his classroom performance, but Luke is clueless about why he's doing poorly in the same teacher's class.

Accepted Answer

Keith and Kareem have differing epistemic beliefs regarding the nature of learning chemistry. Keith believes that it is simply about memorization, while Kareem sees it as trying to understand the nature of elements and compounds. The other pairs do not necessarily demonstrate a difference in epistemic beliefs. Irene and Isabelle are discussing factors that impact college admission, Julie and Janette are expressing different reasons for enjoying school, and Loren and Luke are discussing their level of awareness of evaluation criteria.

Question 15

Melissa has an ingenious method for remembering the member countries of the NATO alliance. Using words that rhyme with the numbers 1, 2, 3, and so on, she forms a visual image of each country interacting with a word that rhymes with a number. For example, she pictures a huge bun which rhymes with "1") sitting on top of Big Ben Great Britain), a shoe a rhyme for "2") with a tiny Canadian Mountie Canada) perched on its toe, a tree a rhyme for "3") with numerous Statues of Liberty United States) growing from its branches, and so on. Melissa's technique illustrates the use of:
A) verbal mediation
B) an external retrieval cue
C) the pegword method
D) the method of loci

Accepted Answer

Melissa's technique is known as the pegword method, which involves associating a number or rhyme with an image to aid in memory retrieval. Each number or rhyme serves as a peg to which the country name is attached, making it easier to recall.

Question 16

Three of the following statements accurately describe environmental influences on the development of epistemic beliefs. Which statement is not accurate?
A) As students observe experts disagreeing about a particular topic, they increasingly realize that even authority figures aren't always reliable sources of what is true and accurate.
B) The extent to which students accept what authority figures tell them is partly a function of the culture in which they have grown up.
C) Classroom demands for word-for-word memorization increase as students move through the secondary grades and post-secondary education.
D) Students who have grown up in Asian cultures are apt to believe that knowledge is the result of hard work, whereas students who have grown up in the United States are apt to believe that knowledge should come quickly and easily.

Accepted Answer

Classroom demands for word-for-word memorization is not an accurate statement to describe environmental influences on the development of epistemic beliefs. This statement focuses on teaching practices and not beliefs about knowledge and truth. The other statements accurately describe how social and cultural factors contribute to the development of epistemic beliefs.

Question 17

As a teacher, you are concerned that many of your students are learning less than they think they're learning as they read their textbooks. Your best strategy would be to:
A) Have them underline or highlight at least 50% of what they read
B) Instruct them to read the book two or three times instead of only once
C) Suggest questions that they can ask themselves as they read
D) Copy difficult-to-understand sentences in their notebooks

Accepted Answer

Suggesting questions that students can ask themselves as they read helps them to engage with the text and monitor their comprehension. This technique also encourages students to think critically about the material and connect new information to their prior knowledge. Underlining or highlighting too much information can actually be counterproductive and lead to passive reading. Reading the book multiple times or copying difficult sentences may help with comprehension, but asking questions is a more active and effective strategy.

Question 18

Three of the following are examples of comprehension monitoring. Which one is not?
A) Annette looks at all the headings and subheadings in a chapter before she begins to read the chapter itself.
B) Bruce asks himself questions about the material he is reading and tries to answer them.
C) Cara stops at the end of each section to see if she can summarize what she's just read.
D) After reading a chapter in a textbook, Dwayne makes sure he has accomplished the objectives presented on the chapter's first page.

Accepted Answer

Previewing the structure of a text by looking at headings and subheadings, as Annette does, is a strategy for setting a purpose for reading or organizing information before reading, rather than monitoring comprehension during or after the reading process.

Question 19

Which one of the following definitely illustrates theory of mind in a preschooler?
A) Casey asks his friend Julia, "Did you forget what I told you yesterday?"
B) Although he cannot yet read, Manuel enjoys looking at picture books.
C) Liza frowns and complains to her mother, "My head hurts really bad!"
D) Toula tells her playmate Joey all about her camping trip over the weekend.

Accepted Answer

Theory of mind refers to the ability to understand that other people have different beliefs, intentions, and perspectives from our own. In this scenario, Casey is demonstrating an understanding that Julia may not remember something that he told her previously, indicating that he is able to consider her beliefs and thoughts separate from his own.

Question 20

A student who has an illusion of knowing is likely to:
A) Know the general meaning of material but not be able to repeat it verbatim
B) Elaborate on hard-to-remember material
C) Undergo conceptual change
D) Express surprise about a low exam score

Accepted Answer

An illusion of knowing refers to a situation where an individual overestimates their understanding or knowledge of a subject. Therefore, when faced with a low exam score, such a student would express surprise because they believed they understood the material better than they actually did.

Quiz 12: Metacognition, Self-Regulated Learning, and Study Strategies

Three of the following examples are consistent with how epistemic beliefs typically change as learners grow older. Which one is not consistent with typical developmental trends in epistemic beliefs?

Three of the following are beliefs of epistemology. Which of the following is not a relevant belief to the study of epistemology?

Of the many learning and study strategies students might use, covert strategies are ultimately more beneficial than overt strategies. Which one of the following is a covert strategy?

Mnemonics probably facilitate memory in a number of ways. Which one of the following is not a potential advantage of mnemonics?

When students are reading a textbook, their comprehension monitoring is most effective if it occurs:

As children develop, their metacognitive knowledge changes in a number of ways. Which one of the following is a false statement about how metacognition changes with development?

Learners' epistemic beliefs can best be described as learners' views about:

Three of the following are examples of mnemonics. Which one is not a mnemonic?

To remember the four states that come together at a single point Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah) , Marcia remembers "CANU" pronounced like "canoe") . Marcia's technique illustrates the use of:

Considering trends in metacognitive development, only one of the following statements is accurate. Which one?

Norman is studying Chinese and needs to remember that the word for "exit" is chu, so he remembers the sentence The choo-choo train is exiting from the station. Norman's technique illustrates the use of:

Jenny is three years old. Which of the following beliefs about epistemology is she most likely to hold?

To remember that the capital of Maine is Augusta, Bart pictures a lion with a gust of wind blowing through its mane. Bart's technique illustrates:

Which one of the following pairs of students best illustrates a difference with respect to students' epistemic beliefs?

Three of the following statements accurately describe environmental influences on the development of epistemic beliefs. Which statement is not accurate?

As a teacher, you are concerned that many of your students are learning less than they think they're learning as they read their textbooks. Your best strategy would be to:

Three of the following are examples of comprehension monitoring. Which one is not?

Which one of the following definitely illustrates theory of mind in a preschooler?

A student who has an illusion of knowing is likely to: