Question 1

Observational learning has also been called
A) social learning.
B) latent learning.
C) model learning.
D) operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning is often referred to as social learning because it involves the observation of the behavior of other individuals in social situations.

Question 2

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer.This best illustrates the value of
A) respondent behavior.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) secondary reinforcement.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement is defined as the removal of an aversive or unpleasant stimulus, resulting in an increase in the likelihood of a behavior. In this scenario, the irritating warning buzzer is removed by buckling the seat belt, which increases the likelihood that Matt will buckle his seat belt in the future to avoid the aversive stimulus.

Question 3

When Evie saw that her classmates got the teacher's attention after asking questions in class,Evie started asking questions in class.This best illustrates the impact of
A) a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule.
B) cognitive maps.
C) classical conditioning.
D) vicarious reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

This scenario best illustrates vicarious reinforcement, which is learning through observing the behavior and consequences of others. Evie observed her classmates receiving attention from the teacher after asking questions in class, which motivated her to also ask questions in the hopes of receiving similar attention and reinforcement.

Question 4

Cassie did not do her chores today because she was distracted all afternoon by her friends.As a result,her parents gave her extra chores.The extra chores in this example are
A) negative reinforcers.
B) positive reinforcers.
C) negative punishments.
D) positive punishments.

Accepted Answer

The extra chores given to Cassie are a form of punishment, specifically positive punishment, because it involves adding something unpleasant (extra chores) to decrease the likelihood of the behavior (not doing her chores) happening again in the future.

Question 5

Who developed a behavioral technology that revealed principles of behavior control?
A) John B.Watson
B) Charles Darwin
C) B.F.Skinner
D) Ivan Pavlov

Accepted Answer

B.F. Skinner developed a behavioral technology known as operant conditioning, which revealed the principles of behavior control through positive and negative reinforcement. Watson is known for classical conditioning, Pavlov for his experiments on dogs and conditioning, and Darwin for his theory of evolution.

Question 6

If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels,they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention.This best illustrates
A) spontaneous recovery.
B) respondent behavior.
C) operant conditioning.
D) successive approximations.

Accepted Answer

This scenario best illustrates operant conditioning, where a behavior (doing cartwheels) is reinforced by a consequence (attention from parents), leading to an increased likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future.

Question 7

Who was influential in the view that all animals share commonalities in their makeup and functioning?
A) John B.Watson
B) Charles Darwin
C) B.F.Skinner
D) Ivan Pavlov

Accepted Answer

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection were influential in the view that all animals share commonalities in their makeup and functioning. This theory proposed that all living organisms, including humans, evolved from a common ancestor and share underlying biological and behavioral mechanisms.

Question 8

A pigeon receives food for pecking a key,but only rarely and on unpredictable occasions.This best illustrates
A) generalization.
B) discrimination.
C) partial reinforcement.
D) respondent behavior.

Accepted Answer

This scenario best illustrates partial reinforcement, as the pigeon is only occasionally receiving food for its behavior of pecking the key. This can lead to a stronger and more persistent response, as the pigeon continues to peck the key in the hopes of receiving the reinforcement. Generalization and discrimination refer to the ability to respond to similar stimuli or to differentiate between them, respectively. Respondent behavior refers to behavior that is elicited by a particular stimulus, such as a reflex.

Question 9

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward.This provides evidence for the role of ________ in operant behavior.
A) mirror neurons
B) latent learning
C) cognitive processes
D) biological constraints

Accepted Answer

The observation of children playing less with an interesting toy when promised a reward suggests that their cognitive processes, such as their motivation and intrinsic interest in the toy, were influenced by the promise of external reinforcement. This phenomenon is known as the overjustification effect, where the addition of extrinsic rewards can actually decrease intrinsic motivation. The other options, such as mirror neurons, latent learning, and biological constraints, do not directly explain this behavior.

Question 10

Some teachers have reduced the disruptive classroom behavior of students by imposing a time-out following disruptive behavior.In this case,the time-out is a
A) conditioned reinforcer.
B) negative reinforcer.
C) primary reinforcer.
D) punishment.

Accepted Answer

A time-out following disruptive behavior is a form of punishment, as it involves the removal or reduction of a behavior (e.g. the opportunity to participate in class) in order to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future. It is not a conditioned reinforcer or primary reinforcer, as it does not provide a reward or reinforcement for behavior. It is also not a negative reinforcer, which involves the removal or reduction of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of behavior.

Question 11

The diminishing of a conditioned response is known as
A) extinction.
B) generalization.
C) acquisition.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Accepted Answer

Extinction occurs when the conditioned response is no longer elicited by the conditioned stimulus after repeated exposure.

Question 12

A biological predisposition to learn associations that have survival value is called
A) cognitive map.
B) latent learning.
C) motivation.
D) preparedness.

Accepted Answer

Preparedness refers to the idea that humans and animals are biologically prepared to learn certain associations that are necessary for survival, such as associating nausea with the taste of spoiled food or fear with the sound of a predator's roar. This concept was developed by Seligman in 1970. Cognitive map refers to the mental representation of one's environment, latent learning refers to learning that occurs without reinforcement, and motivation refers to the inner drive or desire that propels behavior.

Question 13

A word of praise is to a soothing back rub as ________ is to ________.
A) delayed reinforcer;immediate reinforcer
B) operant conditioning;classical conditioning
C) partial reinforcement;continuous reinforcement
D) conditioned reinforcer;primary reinforcer

Accepted Answer

A word of praise and a soothing back rub are both examples of primary reinforcers - things that are inherently pleasurable or desirable. Therefore, the analogy is between two types of reinforcement. A conditioned reinforcer, on the other hand, is a neutral stimulus that has been paired with a primary reinforcer to acquire reinforcing properties. So, a conditioned reinforcer would not fit the analogy. Partial reinforcement and continuous reinforcement refer to schedules of reinforcement that can affect behavior, but they do not fit the analogy either. Therefore, the best answer is D - a conditioned reinforcer is to a primary reinforcer as something that is learned is to something that is innate.

Question 14

New golfers learn putting skills best if they are first reinforced for effective short putts followed by reinforcement for increasingly longer-distance putting effectiveness.This best illustrates the value of
A) delayed reinforcement.
B) shaping.
C) variable-interval reinforcement schedules.
D) spontaneous recovery

Accepted Answer

This scenario demonstrates the principles of shaping, where behavior is gradually and incrementally reinforced for achieving a specific goal. In this case, the goal is effective putting, and the behavior is reinforced for short putts before being reinforced for longer distances. Delayed reinforcement, variable-interval reinforcement schedules, and spontaneous recovery are not applicable in this scenario.

Question 15

Both classical conditioning and operant conditioning involve extinction.However,with classical conditioning extinction occurs when ________;with operant conditioning,extinction occurs when ________.
A) reinforcement is delayed;the CS and US occur at the same time
B) the CS is repeatedly presented alone;reinforcement stops
C) the CS and US occur at the same time;reinforcement is delayed
D) reinforcement stops;the CS is repeatedly presented alone

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, extinction happens when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented multiple times without being followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US), leading to a decrease in the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when a behavior that was previously reinforced no longer receives reinforcement, leading to a decrease in the frequency of that behavior.

Question 16

For professional baseball players,swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule.
A) fixed-interval
B) variable-interval
C) fixed-ratio
D) variable-ratio

Accepted Answer

Home runs are not guaranteed to occur after a set number of swings or a specific time interval; instead, they happen unpredictably after an unknown number of swings, which is characteristic of a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement.

Question 17

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior?
A) John B.Watson
B) Albert Bandura
C) Ivan Pavlov
D) B.F.Skinner

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura conducted the famous Bobo doll experiment in which children who were exposed to aggressive behavior towards the doll were more likely to imitate the same behavior. This highlighted the role of observation and modeling in learning behavior, as well as the potential negative effects of exposure to aggressive models on children's behavior.

Question 18

After being bitten by his neighbor's dog,Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs.This best illustrates the process of
A) extinction.
B) discrimination.
C) operant conditioning.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Accepted Answer

This scenario illustrates discrimination, where Miguel is able to distinguish between the neighbor's dog (the stimulus that caused fear) and other dogs (which do not elicit fear). This is a typical response in classical conditioning, where the conditioned response is specific to the conditioned stimulus that was initially paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 19

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food,you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of music you heard there.This best illustrates the impact of ________ on associative learning.
A) preparedness
B) biological constraints
C) modeling
D) cognitive maps

Accepted Answer

The answer of If you get violently ill a couple...

Question 20

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise.In this example,fear of the white rat was the
A) US.
B) UR.
C) CS.
D) CR.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The infant Albert developed a fear of...

Quiz 7: Learning

Observational learning has also been called

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer.This best illustrates the value of

When Evie saw that her classmates got the teacher's attention after asking questions in class,Evie started asking questions in class.This best illustrates the impact of

Cassie did not do her chores today because she was distracted all afternoon by her friends.As a result,her parents gave her extra chores.The extra chores in this example are

Who developed a behavioral technology that revealed principles of behavior control?

If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels,they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention.This best illustrates

Who was influential in the view that all animals share commonalities in their makeup and functioning?

A pigeon receives food for pecking a key,but only rarely and on unpredictable occasions.This best illustrates

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward.This provides evidence for the role of ________ in operant behavior.

Some teachers have reduced the disruptive classroom behavior of students by imposing a time-out following disruptive behavior.In this case,the time-out is a

The diminishing of a conditioned response is known as

A biological predisposition to learn associations that have survival value is called

A word of praise is to a soothing back rub as is to .

New golfers learn putting skills best if they are first reinforced for effective short putts followed by reinforcement for increasingly longer-distance putting effectiveness.This best illustrates the value of

Both classical conditioning and operant conditioning involve extinction.However,with classical conditioning extinction occurs when ;with operant conditioning,extinction occurs when .

For professional baseball players,swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule.

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior?

After being bitten by his neighbor's dog,Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs.This best illustrates the process of

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise.In this example,fear of the white rat was the