Question 1

A year after surviving a major car accident at a highway on-ramp,Kim-Li still responds with terror when he enters a highway ramp.This reaction best illustrates
A) an unconditioned response.
B) operant conditioning.
C) discrimination.
D) generalization.

Accepted Answer

Generalization is when a person responds to similar stimuli in the same way as the original stimulus. In this case, Kim-Li's fear of highway on-ramps is a response to the similar stimuli of highway ramps in general, indicating generalization. The fear was conditioned by the original car accident, so it is not an unconditioned response. Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences and does not apply in this situation. Discrimination is the ability to differentiate between similar stimuli and is not demonstrated in this scenario.

Question 2

Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box.With successive trials,the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed.This illustrates
A) negative reinforcement.
B) the law of effect.
C) respondent behavior.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Accepted Answer

The scenario describes the cats learning to escape the puzzle box more quickly with successive trials, which is an example of the law of effect, which states that behaviors followed by desirable outcomes are more likely to be repeated in the future. Choice A (negative reinforcement) involves the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior, which is not demonstrated in the scenario. Choice C (respondent behavior) involves automatic responses to stimuli, which is not relevant to the scenario. Choice D (spontaneous recovery) involves the reappearance of a previously extinguished behavior, which is not demonstrated in the scenario.

Question 3

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 75,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
A) fixed-interval
B) variable-interval
C) fixed-ratio
D) variable-ratio

Accepted Answer

The frequent flyer program rewards customers after they have achieved a fixed number of miles (75,000), which is characteristic of a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement.

Question 4

We adapt to our environment by
A) modeling.
B) preparing.
C) repetition.
D) learning.

Accepted Answer

We adapt to our environment through learning. We learn from our experiences and the feedback we receive from the environment. This learning enables us to change our behavior and adapt to new circumstances. Modeling, preparing, and repetition can all be part of the learning process, but learning is the overarching mechanism by which we adapt to our environment.

Question 5

Through direct experience with animals,we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp.This best illustrates
A) secondary conditioning.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) operant behavior.
D) associative learning.

Accepted Answer

This scenario is an example of associative learning, as it involves forming a mental connection between a stimulus (the bark of a dog or the chirping of birds) and a particular response or behavior. As we have directly experienced dogs barking and birds chirping, we have learned to associate these sounds with the corresponding animals, and we can anticipate their behavior based on these associations.

Question 6

The first time that Liza heard the loud sound of her father's bass drum,she responded with fear.The fear response is most clearly an example of
A) spontaneous recovery.
B) operant behavior.
C) associative learning.
D) respondent behavior.

Accepted Answer

The fear response is an automatic and involuntary reaction to a stimulus, which makes it an example of respondent behavior. Respondent behavior is a type of learned behavior that results from the association between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring response.

Question 7

When a person has linked a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that now the neutral stimulus triggers the conditioned response,________ has occurred.
A) extinction
B) generalization
C) acquisition
D) spontaneous recovery

Accepted Answer

The process described is classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to form a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response. The initial pairing of the neutral and unconditioned stimuli is known as acquisition.

Question 8

Ivan Pavlov was associated with the study of
A) operant conditioning.
B) observational learning.
C) cognitive learning.
D) classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with classical conditioning, which is a process of learning by which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response.

Question 9

When Jake is with his girlfriend,he feels so in love,happy,and content.Because he and his girlfriend text and talk on the phone frequently throughout the day,Jake has set up a special ring tone for his girlfriend.Now,when he hears the ring tone,he feels happy and content.Which of the following is the conditioned stimulus in this example?
A) Jake's girlfriend
B) feeling in love,happy,and content
C) Jake's phone
D) the ring tone

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus in this example is the ring tone, which has been paired with the happy and content feelings associated with being with his girlfriend.

Question 10

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them.For the dogs,the sight of this person was a(n)
A) spontaneous recovery.
B) unconditional stimulus.
C) operant stimulus.
D) conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Pavlov conditioned the dogs to associate the sight of the person who regularly brought food to them with the arrival of food. This sight then became a conditioned stimulus that elicited salivation in the dogs.

Question 11

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a
A) UR.
B) US.
C) CR.
D) CS.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Blinking in response to a puff of...

Question 12

Samantha's cat salivates in response to the taste of food in its mouth.Each morning,Samantha places the cat's food on the back porch.Each time Samantha opens the door the bell rings.Now,Samantha's cat salivates when the bell rings.Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?
A) food
B) salivation
C) the door
D) the bell on the door

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus is the naturally occurring stimulus that produces an unconditioned response without any prior learning. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the food because it naturally causes the cat to salivate without any previous conditioning.

Question 13

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food,a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light.In this case,the light is a ________ reinforcer.
A) partial
B) primary
C) conditioned
D) delayed

Accepted Answer

The light has become a conditioned reinforcer because it is associated with the primary reinforcer of food (which satisfies the rat's hunger). The rat has learned that when the light turns on, food will be available, making the light a conditioned reinforcer.

Question 14

During a typical morning,Colin checks the clock frequently before being reinforced with confirmation that the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break has arrived.In this case,Colin's behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule.
A) fixed-interval
B) variable-interval
C) fixed-ratio
D) variable-ratio

Accepted Answer

Colin's behavior is being reinforced on a fixed-interval schedule because he is checking the clock frequently in anticipation of a reinforcement (his lunch break) that occurs at a fixed point in time (regularly scheduled lunch break).

Question 15

Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to
A) latent learning.
B) taste aversion.
C) the violence-viewing effect.
D) instinctive drift.

Accepted Answer

Desensitization and imitation both contribute to the violence-viewing effect, which is the phenomenon of exposure to violent media leading to an increase in aggressive behavior. A and D are not related to these factors, and taste aversion is typically caused by a negative experience with a certain food or drink.

Question 16

Which of the following does NOT provide an example of how Pavlov's principles can influence human health and well-being?
A) Former drug users often feel a craving when they are again in the drug-using context.
B) Children can learn health-related behaviors by observing their parents.
C) The association between consuming sugary substances and an enjoyable sensation makes dieting difficult.
D) When a taste accompanies a drug that influences immune responses,the taste by itself can come to also influence immune responses.

Accepted Answer

Choice B refers to observational learning, which is not related to Pavlov's principles of classical conditioning. Choices A, C, and D all demonstrate how associations between stimuli can influence behavior and physiological responses, which is a key concept in Pavlov's work on classical conditioning.

Question 17

Working hard every day of the year for the gratification of a bonus paycheck at the end of the year best illustrates the impact of ________ on behavior.
A) shaping
B) primary reinforcers
C) variable-interval schedules
D) delayed reinforcers

Accepted Answer

The scenario described best illustrates the impact of delayed reinforcers on behavior. The bonus paycheck at the end of the year is a delayed reinforcer because it is given after a certain amount of time has passed rather than immediately after the desired behavior (working hard every day). This type of reinforcement can still be effective in shaping behavior, but it may not be as immediate or consistent as primary reinforcers (such as food or water) or fixed-interval or variable-interval reinforcement schedules.

Question 18

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished,Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel.Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates
A) discrimination.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) observational learning.
D) an unconditioned response.

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest or without further conditioning. In this scenario, Marcy's unexpected surge of nervousness when shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel suggests that her conditioned fear of dogs may have spontaneously recovered.

Question 19

In teaching her son to play basketball,Mrs.Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still,then only for walking while dribbling,and finally only for running while dribbling.She is using a procedure known as
A) generalization.
B) partial reinforcement.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) shaping.

Accepted Answer

Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations toward a desired behavior. In this scenario, Mrs. Richards is shaping her son's basketball skills by reinforcing him for dribbling while standing still, then walking while dribbling, and finally running while dribbling.

Question 20

John B.Watson believed that psychology should be the science of
A) observable behavior.
B) cognitive processes.
C) genetic predispositions.
D) all of these factors.

Accepted Answer

John B. Watson believed that psychology should only focus on observable behavior and ignore cognitive processes and genetic predispositions.

Quiz 7: Learning

A year after surviving a major car accident at a highway on-ramp,Kim-Li still responds with terror when he enters a highway ramp.This reaction best illustrates

Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box.With successive trials,the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed.This illustrates

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 75,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

We adapt to our environment by

Through direct experience with animals,we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp.This best illustrates

The first time that Liza heard the loud sound of her father's bass drum,she responded with fear.The fear response is most clearly an example of

When a person has linked a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that now the neutral stimulus triggers the conditioned response,________ has occurred.

Ivan Pavlov was associated with the study of

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them.For the dogs,the sight of this person was a(n)

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food,a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light.In this case,the light is a ________ reinforcer.

During a typical morning,Colin checks the clock frequently before being reinforced with confirmation that the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break has arrived.In this case,Colin's behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to

Which of the following does NOT provide an example of how Pavlov's principles can influence human health and well-being?

Working hard every day of the year for the gratification of a bonus paycheck at the end of the year best illustrates the impact of ________ on behavior.

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished,Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel.Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates

In teaching her son to play basketball,Mrs.Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still,then only for walking while dribbling,and finally only for running while dribbling.She is using a procedure known as

John B.Watson believed that psychology should be the science of