Question 1

Ms.Fonteneau has six ELL students in her fifth grade classroom.For science and social studies lessons,she introduces new vocabulary to these students,provides extra background information in simple terms,and often gives them handouts with graphics and summaries to help them learn English as they learn content.Ms.Fonteneau is most likely using:
A)structured English immersion.
B)language maintenance.
C)sheltered instruction.
D)two-way immersion.

Accepted Answer

Ms. Fonteneau is most likely using sheltered instruction, which means she is modifying her instruction to make content more accessible to ELL students while still maintaining the rigor of the subject matter. This approach includes providing background information and graphic aids to help ELL students understand new vocabulary and content in a meaningful way. Structured English immersion and two-way immersion are different approaches to language instruction, and language maintenance typically refers to efforts to preserve an existing language rather than learn a new one.

Question 2

Mrs.Adams is going to refer an ELL student for testing.She is not pleased with the girl's progress in reading and suspects the child may have a learning disability.What information probably tipped Mrs.Adams and helped her identify the need to refer the student?
A)The child had access to books in Spanish as a preschooler,but not books in English.
B)The child contracted a serious illness as a baby,but recovered after several weeks.
C)The child's parents both speak Spanish and very little English.
D)The child attended a bilingual program as a preschooler,but has not been in ESL classes.

Accepted Answer

B

Question 3

Which child is using outside-in skills?
A)Randy thinks of all the words he knows that rhyme with the word "glad."
B)Mariana tells a story about going to a baseball game with her dad.
C)Charlie tells his granddad what sounds the letters make in the word "bed."
D)Trinity writes her name but leaves out two of the letters.

Accepted Answer

Mariana is using outside-in skills by using her own experiences to tell a story. She is using her observations of the outside world to inform her communication.

Question 4

Jaylen speaks an African American English dialect.In the history lesson today,he answers a question by stating,"They didn't have no GPS on their ships." What is the best way for his teacher to deal with Jaylen's answer?
A)The teacher should correct Jaylen's grammar and ask him to repeat the rule about double negatives.
B)The teacher should instruct Jaylen to speak formal English at all times in the classroom and at school.
C)The teacher should recognize that double negatives are part of the grammatical structure of Jaylen's dialect.
D)The teacher should provide special instruction for Jaylen and help him recognize the negative stereotype associated with his dialect.

Accepted Answer

It is important for teachers to recognize and respect linguistic diversity in classrooms. Double negatives are a part of African American English dialect and should not be viewed as incorrect or lacking in proper grammar. By acknowledging and accepting Jaylen's dialect, the teacher can show respect for his culturally and linguistically diverse background.

Question 5

All but one of the following students is part of the large group often called Generation 1.5.Which student does NOT fit the characteristics of Generation 1.5?
A)Rico was born in the U.S.and lives with his grandmother who immigrated to the U.S.as a child.
B)Ciera spends most of her time in the U.S. ,but goes back to Mexico with her family when her dad is out of work.
C)Tino was born in Serbia,but his parents sent him to the U.S.to get an education when he was in high school.
D)Giani was born in the U.S.and lives in a Latin community in Los Angeles where everyone speaks Spanish.

Accepted Answer

Generation 1.5 typically refers to individuals who immigrate to a new country during their childhood or early adolescence. Rico, being born in the U.S., does not fit this characteristic as he is not an immigrant.

Question 6

Kolton is almost four years old and has an expressive vocabulary of about 1000 words.Based on milestones in early childhood language,what should Kolton's parents be doing to encourage Kolton's language development?
A)Repeat new words and name body parts such as feet,hands,and tummy.
B)Talk about his interests and ask numerous "why" questions.
C)Help him tell stories and encourage play with other children.
D)Talk with him as they would talk to an adult.

Accepted Answer

At almost four years old, Kolton is at a stage where storytelling and social interaction can significantly enhance his language development. Encouraging him to tell stories and play with other children will help him practice and expand his vocabulary and communication skills.

Question 7

Mr.Larson is beginning a social studies unit about communities with his first grade students.He invited Mateo's dad,Mr.Gomez,to bring one of his masonry tools to class and demonstrate his work with his construction crew in building new homes.By tying Mr.Gomez's skill into the lesson,Mr.Larson is using:
A)sheltered instruction.
B)two-way immersion.
C)cultural funds of knowledge.
D)reverse cultural knowledge.

Accepted Answer

Mr. Larson is incorporating Mr. Gomez's cultural funds of knowledge, which refers to the knowledge and resources that individuals and communities possess based on their cultural background and experiences. By connecting Mr. Gomez's profession with the social studies unit on communities, Mr. Larson is valuing and utilizing the cultural knowledge and experiences of his students and their families.

Question 8

Ken believes reading is very important and is teaching his four-year-old son the letters of the alphabet.Knowing the letters of the alphabet is what type of foundational skill for reading?
A)Oral language skills
B)Understanding codes
C)Knowledge of syntax
D)Metalinguistic awareness

Accepted Answer

Knowledge of the letters of the alphabet is a foundational skill for reading because it enables children to decode and understand the relationship between letters and sounds. This skill is also known as understanding codes, which is why option B is the best choice. While oral language skills, knowledge of syntax, and metalinguistic awareness are all important for reading development, they are not specifically related to the ability to recognize letters and their corresponding sounds.

Question 9

Mrs.Harper has three ELL students in her fourth grade class.Which of the following strategies is LEAST likely to help her ELLs progress with language skills and succeed academically?
A)Mrs.Harper thinks aloud as she models how to practice a new procedure.
B)Mrs.Harper teaches ELL students new vocabulary for a unit before teaching the unit.
C)Mrs.Harper involves ELL students in group work and working in pairs.
D)Mrs.Harper corrects grammar and syntax as the ELL students answer questions and give reports in class.

Accepted Answer

Correcting grammar and syntax during class may cause ELL students to feel self-conscious and hesitant to participate, leading to a slower progression in language skills and potentially hindering academic success. It is important to provide corrective feedback, but it should be done in a supportive and constructive way outside of class. A better strategy in class would be to provide opportunities for ELL students to practice their language skills through interactive activities such as group work and partner work, as well as pre-teaching important vocabulary before a unit to help improve comprehension. Additionally, modeling thought processes and procedures aloud can also help ELL students understand and internalize concepts.

Question 10

Damian is an ELL student in high school.He is able to converse enough to make friends and play games,but he does not understand academic language very well.Based on guidelines for providing emotional support for ELL students,which one of his teachers seems to be most effective in working with Damian?
A)"Damian,you will probably do best working on this assignment alone while other students work in groups."
B)"This is science class.I don't want you to worry about English in this class.Just try to get the science concepts."
C)"Who can help Damian learn how to punctuate sentences correctly? He needs help from someone who is good in English."
D)"I talked to Damian about this event in history,and he created a timeline that compares events in his country with events in the US at that time."

Accepted Answer

Option D shows that the teacher took time to communicate with Damian about an event in history, and that Damian was able to create a timeline that compares events in his country with events in the US at that time. This shows that the teacher is not only interested in providing emotional support but also investing time to help Damian improve his academic language skills. It also means that the teacher recognizes Damian's strengths and abilities and is actively seeking ways to incorporate his background knowledge into the classroom.

Question 11

The debate about critical periods and sensitive periods of development is not completely resolved.What is the predominant belief about the critical period for language learning?
A)There is a critical period for learning accurate language pronunciation.
B)There is a critical period for mastering the grammar and syntax of a language.
C)There is a critical period for vocabulary acquisition in a second language.
D)There is a critical period for English speakers to learn Mandarin and other tonal languages.

Accepted Answer

The predominant belief is that there is a critical period for learning accurate language pronunciation. This period is thought to be between early infancy and puberty, and after puberty, individuals may have difficulty acquiring native-like pronunciation in a second language.

Question 12

Polina is a Russian immigrant.She has no problems talking to her friends in English,but she struggles to understand concepts in content areas when they are presented in English.This indicates that Polina is proficient in:
A)inside-out skills and processes.
B)code-switching skills.
C)academic language skills.
D)contextualized language skills.

Accepted Answer

Polina's ease in conversing with friends in English but difficulty in understanding academic concepts in English suggests she is proficient in contextualized language skills. Contextualized language involves communication in familiar, everyday contexts, as opposed to academic language, which is used in educational and professional settings and often involves more complex concepts and vocabulary.

Question 13

Elvin speaks Spanish with his grandmother and English with everyone else at home,but he is starting school and needs to use English at school.Based on research about bilingualism,what should Elvin be encouraged to do about developing skills in both languages?
A)Develop English only.Bilingual students tend to use code-switching,an indication of low-level language skills.
B)Speak English only.Avoid speaking Spanish.The dual languages will interfere with his ability to read and write English correctly.
C)Focus on developing English and teach his grandmother to speak English.
D)Keep developing skills in both languages.Being bilingual increases cognitive abilities.

Accepted Answer

Research shows that being bilingual can actually increase cognitive abilities and that developing skills in both languages has many benefits. Elvin should continue to speak Spanish with his grandmother and also work on developing his English skills for school. It is not necessary to teach his grandmother English, although that could be an option if they both want to learn each other's language. It is also not necessary for Elvin to focus solely on English or avoid speaking Spanish altogether, as this can actually hinder his language development.

Question 14

Alexa screamed to her mother in the grocery store,"I want Cheerios." Her mother told her to use her small,indoor voice at the store.Alexa shows that she does not yet understand:
A)expressive vocabulary.
B)receptive vocabulary.
C)metalinguistic awareness.
D)pragmatics of language.

Accepted Answer

The pragmatic aspect of language deals with social contexts of language use, including appropriate ways of using language in different situations. In this case, Alexa's misuse of her voice in the grocery store demonstrates a lack of understanding of the pragmatic rules of language.

Question 15

Reese is a one-year-old child with hearing impairment.Her parents have been learning and using signed language since Reese's birth.What might they expect about their daughter's language skill development?
A)Reese's receptive language will be delayed and will likely fall six months behind hearing children.
B)Reese will probably "say" her first words at a much later time than hearing children speak their first words.
C)Reese will develop language skills at the same rate hearing children develop language skills.
D)Reese will experience different milestones on a different schedule than for spoken language.

Accepted Answer

If Reese's parents have been using signed language with her since birth, she is likely to develop language skills at the same rate as hearing children, as early exposure to language, whether signed or spoken, supports typical language development.

Question 16

Corrina is in the first grade.Her family left Mexico and moved to Texas one year ago.Corrina is having difficulty learning to speak and read in English.Based on bilingual emergent literacy research,what should her teachers prioritize to help Corrina at this stage of literacy?
A)Focus on growth in expressive language and speaking English only.
B)Focus on growth in Spanish receptive language and literacy in Spanish first.
C)Focus on growth in receptive English language.
D)Focus on inconsistencies and irregularities in English language.

Accepted Answer

Focusing on growth in receptive English language will help Corrina understand English better, which is a crucial step in learning to speak and read in a new language.

Question 17

In which of the following situations is the SIOP model being used?
A)Native English speakers and ELL students are mixed for instruction in two-way immersion.
B)A checklist is used during observation to assess teaching of ELL students.
C)ELL students are paired with a native English-speaker for math lessons.
D)Bilingual teachers teach ELL students in the content areas.

Accepted Answer

The SIOP (Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol) model includes using specific strategies and a checklist to observe and improve teaching practices for English Language Learners (ELLs), which aligns with option B.

Question 18

Mr.Torrence teaches high school English in a typical urban area.If the make-up of students in his classes matches the national norm,approximately how many of his students most likely speak a language other than English at home?
A)7%
B)10%
C)14%
D)21%

Accepted Answer

According to data from the National Center for Education Statistics, approximately 21% of school-age children in the United States speak a language other than English at home.

Question 19

Based on information about genderlects,which of the following statements is most likely made by Calli,a middle school girl,and not one of the boys in her class?
A)We have to beat the other team today and regain our status as the best in the league.
B)I saw your sister at the ball game,and she seemed to be getting around on her crutches as fast as anyone else.
C)I think it's unfair for the other groups to get more time to work on their projects.
D)I have a right to sit in this chair.I got the top score on the test last week.

Accepted Answer

Statement B focuses on personal relationships and expresses concern for someone's well-being, which aligns with characteristics often associated with female speech patterns, or genderlects.

Question 20

Which of the following situations is an example of subtractive bilingualism?
A)Maurice grew up in New Orleans.He heard a lot of French dialect spoken around him and on the radio,but he only speaks English.
B)Kim heard English and Mandarin from the time she was born.She speaks both languages fluently.
C)Marco learned Spanish as a child growing up in Mexico.He later learned English,moved to California for college,and continued to use his Spanish.
D)Jasmina learned Croatian as a baby.She became fluent in English when her family moved to Minneapolis and eventually forgot her Croatian.

Accepted Answer

Subtractive bilingualism occurs when a person loses their first language while learning a second language. In this scenario, Jasmina learned Croatian as a baby, became fluent in English, and eventually forgot her Croatian, which is an example of subtractive bilingualism. Options A, B, and C all involve individuals who are bilingual and have not lost their first language, so they are not examples of subtractive bilingualism.

Quiz 5: Language Development, Language Diversity, and Immigrant Education

Mrs.Adams is going to refer an ELL student for testing.She is not pleased with the girl's progress in reading and suspects the child may have a learning disability.What information probably tipped Mrs.Adams and helped her identify the need to refer the student?

Which child is using outside-in skills?

Jaylen speaks an African American English dialect.In the history lesson today,he answers a question by stating,"They didn't have no GPS on their ships." What is the best way for his teacher to deal with Jaylen's answer?

All but one of the following students is part of the large group often called Generation 1.5.Which student does NOT fit the characteristics of Generation 1.5?

Kolton is almost four years old and has an expressive vocabulary of about 1000 words.Based on milestones in early childhood language,what should Kolton's parents be doing to encourage Kolton's language development?

Ken believes reading is very important and is teaching his four-year-old son the letters of the alphabet.Knowing the letters of the alphabet is what type of foundational skill for reading?

Mrs.Harper has three ELL students in her fourth grade class.Which of the following strategies is LEAST likely to help her ELLs progress with language skills and succeed academically?

The debate about critical periods and sensitive periods of development is not completely resolved.What is the predominant belief about the critical period for language learning?

Polina is a Russian immigrant.She has no problems talking to her friends in English,but she struggles to understand concepts in content areas when they are presented in English.This indicates that Polina is proficient in:

Elvin speaks Spanish with his grandmother and English with everyone else at home,but he is starting school and needs to use English at school.Based on research about bilingualism,what should Elvin be encouraged to do about developing skills in both languages?

Alexa screamed to her mother in the grocery store,"I want Cheerios." Her mother told her to use her small,indoor voice at the store.Alexa shows that she does not yet understand:

Reese is a one-year-old child with hearing impairment.Her parents have been learning and using signed language since Reese's birth.What might they expect about their daughter's language skill development?

Corrina is in the first grade.Her family left Mexico and moved to Texas one year ago.Corrina is having difficulty learning to speak and read in English.Based on bilingual emergent literacy research,what should her teachers prioritize to help Corrina at this stage of literacy?

In which of the following situations is the SIOP model being used?

Mr.Torrence teaches high school English in a typical urban area.If the make-up of students in his classes matches the national norm,approximately how many of his students most likely speak a language other than English at home?

Based on information about genderlects,which of the following statements is most likely made by Calli,a middle school girl,and not one of the boys in her class?

Which of the following situations is an example of subtractive bilingualism?