Question 1

After repeatedly pairing the sound of a bell with food being placed in a dog's mouth, the sound of the bell alone will make the dog salivate. The dog's salivation to the sound of the bell is called the:
A)unconditioned response (UCR).
B)conditioned response (CR).
C)conditioned stimulus (CS).
D)unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Accepted Answer

The dog's salivation to the sound of the bell is a learned response and is therefore a conditioned response (CR), making B the correct choice. The unconditioned response (UCR) would refer to the dog's natural response to the food in its mouth, which would result in salivation. The conditioned stimulus (CS) is the sound of the bell, and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the food that is placed in the dog's mouth.

Question 2

After establishing a classically conditioned response to a tone, the experimenter then set up a second trial using a new conditioned stimulus, a red light. He repeatedly paired the new conditioned stimulus (the red light) with the conditioned stimulus from the first trial (the tone). This procedure resulted in the conditioned response being elicited by the red light alone, even though it had never been paired with the unconditioned stimulus. The experimenter has demonstrated:
A)extinction.
B)higher order conditioning (second-order conditioning).
C)learned helplessness.
D)the partial reinforcement effect.

Accepted Answer

This scenario describes higher order conditioning, also known as second-order conditioning. This is when a new conditioned stimulus is paired with a previously conditioned stimulus, resulting in the new stimulus eliciting a conditioned response even without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 3

Fred's dog was classically conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell. Fred then repeatedly paired the bell with another stimulus, a whistle. Now whenever he blows the whistle, his dog salivates, even though the whistle has never been paired with food. This example illustrates:
A)higher order conditioning (second-order conditioning).
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)a placebo response.
D)biological preparedness.

Accepted Answer

This example illustrates higher order conditioning (second-order conditioning) because the whistle was never directly paired with food, but it elicits the same response as the bell, which was originally paired with food.

Question 4

When Micah was 2-years-old he was frightened by his Aunt Mabel's little dog, which had nipped him on the leg. Because of the incident, Micah developed a strong fear of small dogs but not of large dogs. This best illustrates which of the following?
A)spontaneous recovery
B)stimulus discrimination
C)stimulus generalization
D)higher order conditioning

Accepted Answer

Stimulus discrimination is the ability to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli and respond differently to them. In this case, Micah discriminates between small dogs, which he fears, and large dogs, which he does not fear, after being nipped by Aunt Mabel's little dog.

Question 5

If you own a dog that tends to salivate and get excited when you shake a box of dog biscuits, you may have noticed that your dog also drools when you shake a bag of cat food. If so, this would be an example of:
A)stimulus generalization.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)stimulus discrimination.
D)higher order conditioning.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of stimulus generalization because the dog is responding to a similar stimulus (the sound of shaking) even though it is a different type of food (dog biscuits vs. cat food).

Question 6

Pavlov found that a conditioned response would be stronger if:
A)the UCS was always presented before the CS.
B)the CR always occurred before the UCR.
C)there were many pairings of the CS and the UCS.
D)the interval between the CS and the UCS was an hour or longer.

Accepted Answer

Pavlov found that the conditioned response would be stronger if there were many pairings of the CS and the UCS. This is because repeated pairings enable the formation of stronger associations between the CS and UCS.

Question 7

After repeatedly pairing the sound of a bell with food being placed in a dog's mouth, the sound of the bell alone will make the dog salivate. At this point, the sound of the bell is a(n):
A)conditioned stimulus (CS).
B)unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
C)unconditioned response (UCR).
D)conditioned response (CR).

Accepted Answer

The sound of the bell has been paired repeatedly with the unconditioned stimulus (food) to create a learned response. Therefore, the sound of the bell alone can now elicit a conditioned response (salivation). The sound of the bell is now considered a conditioned stimulus (CS).

Question 8

After a dog had been conditioned to salivate to the sight of a triangle, the triangle alone was presented to the dog every three minutes. Over the course of several trials, the amount of saliva secreted by the dog in response to the triangle decreased to zero. At that point, the dog was put back in his cage for the night. What happened the next morning when the triangle was presented to the dog again?
A)Because of latent learning, the dog did not salivate.
B)Spontaneous recovery likely occurred, and the dog salivated in response to the triangle.
C)Learned helplessness developed, and the dog did not respond in any way.
D)Because the triangle was no longer a discriminative stimulus, the dog did not salivate.

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery is the temporary reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response. In this case, the dog had been conditioned to salivate in response to the triangle, but after repeated presentations of the triangle without the associated stimulus, the salivary response became extinct. However, when the triangle was presented again the next morning after extinction, the dog likely experienced spontaneous recovery and salivated in response to the triangle again, albeit to a lesser extent than before extinction.

Question 9

Every Friday, Dr. Cruz would give a quiz in his psychology class. Students quickly learned to be nervous on Friday mornings, just before each quiz. Halfway through the semester, Dr. Cruz stopped giving quizzes on Fridays and the students' anxiety began to diminish with each passing week in which there was no quiz. The decrease in the students' anxiety may be attributed to the process of:
A)spontaneous recovery.
B)extinction.
C)stimulus generalization.
D)latent learning.

Accepted Answer

The decrease in anxiety is a result of the process of extinction, which occurs when a conditioned response is no longer reinforced. In this case, the conditioned response of anxiety was no longer being reinforced by the absence of Friday quizzes, leading to a decrease in the students' anxiety.

Question 10

Behaviorism was an early school or approach to psychology that was founded by:
A)Edward L. Thorndike.
B)John B. Watson.
C)B. F. Skinner.
D)Albert Bandura.

Accepted Answer

John B. Watson is considered to be the founder of behaviorism, as he published the article "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" in 1913, which is often considered the birth of the behaviorist movement in psychology. While Thorndike and Skinner were influential behaviorists, they were not the founders of the movement. Albert Bandura, on the other hand, is associated with social learning theory, which is a later development within behaviorism.

Question 11

Which of the following has the greatest impact on the strength of the conditioned response?
A)the magnitude of the reinforcer
B)the timing of stimulus presentations
C)the size of the unconditioned response
D)the degree of latent learning during conditioning trials

Accepted Answer

The timing of stimulus presentations is critical in determining the strength of the conditioned response. If the conditioned stimulus consistently precedes the unconditioned stimulus, the association between the two is strengthened and the conditioned response will be stronger. Conversely, if the timing is inconsistent or the conditioned stimulus is presented after the unconditioned stimulus, the association will weaken and the conditioned response will be weaker. The magnitude of the reinforcer, size of the unconditioned response, and degree of latent learning may affect the strength of the conditioned response to some degree, but they are not as critical as the timing of stimulus presentations.

Question 12

Pavlov found that once he conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a tone, a tone that was slightly higher or lower in pitch would also make the dog salivate. This phenomenon is called:
A)spontaneous recovery.
B)stimulus discrimination.
C)backward conditioning.
D)stimulus generalization.

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as stimulus generalization, where the dog responds to a similar stimulus (slightly higher or lower in pitch) as the conditioned stimulus (tone) with the same response (salivating).

Question 13

A young child has learned to associate the sight of a nurse's white uniform with the fear and pain of getting an injection. If the young child begins reacting with fear to the sight of any white jacket, what has occurred?
A)stimulus generalization
B)spontaneous recovery
C)stimulus discrimination
D)higher order conditioning

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization occurs when a response that has been learned for a specific stimulus also occurs for a similar or related stimulus. In this case, the child has generalized the fear response to any white jacket that resembles the nurse's uniform.

Question 14

In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, what will occur?
A)stimulus generalization
B)stimulus discrimination
C)extinction
D)spontaneous recovery

Accepted Answer

If the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, eventually the response to the conditioned stimulus will weaken and disappear. This is called extinction.

Question 15

A young child has learned to associate the sight of a nurse's white uniform with the fear and pain of getting an injection. Using Pavlov's terminology, when the white uniform elicits a fear response, it would be termed a(n):
A)unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
B)unconditioned response (UCR).
C)conditioned stimulus (CS).
D)conditioned response (CR).

Accepted Answer

The white uniform has become a conditioned stimulus (CS) because it is associated with the fear and pain of getting an injection (which is the unconditioned stimulus, UCS). The fear response to the white uniform is now a conditioned response (CR) because it is learned through association with the UCS.

Question 16

After a dog had been conditioned to salivate at the sight of meat powder, the meat powder was presented to the dog every three minutes and held just out of the dog's reach. Over the course of several trials, the amount of saliva secreted by the dog decreased to zero, indicating that _____ had occurred.
A)negative reinforcement
B)biological preparedness
C)extinction
D)spontaneous recovery

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as extinction, which occurs when the conditioned response weakens and eventually disappears after the conditioned stimulus (meat powder) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (food). The dog's lack of salivation to the meat powder indicates extinction of the conditioned response. Negative reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior, and biological preparedness is the idea that certain associations are easier to learn due to evolutionary factors. Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without any further conditioning.

Question 17

A conditioned stimulus from one learning trial is used in place of an unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial, where it is paired with a second conditioned stimulus. The second conditioned stimulus then comes to elicit the conditioned response, even though it has never been directly paired with the unconditioned stimulus. This is a description of a procedure called:
A)stimulus generalization training.
B)higher order conditioning or second order conditioning.
C)latent learning training.
D)the extinction procedure.

Accepted Answer

This is a description of higher order conditioning or second order conditioning, where a conditioned stimulus from a previous learning trial is used as an unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial with a second conditioned stimulus, leading to that stimulus also eliciting the conditioned response.

Question 18

The phenomenon of spontaneous recovery provides support for the idea that:
A)a conditioned response that is extinguished is not unlearned or completely eliminated.
B)a conditioned stimulus can return to being a neutral stimulus after extinction.
C)stimulus generalization is a stronger, more easily produced response than stimulus discrimination.
D)it is easier to produce learned associations between natural stimuli than artificial stimuli.

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery refers to the phenomenon where an extinguished conditioned response reappears after a rest period. This provides evidence that the original association between the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response still exists and was not completely eliminated by extinction. Therefore, the correct option is A, which states that a conditioned response that is extinguished is not unlearned or completely eliminated.

Question 19

Pavlov found that a conditioned response would be stronger if the:
A)UCS was not paired with the CS.
B)interval between the CS and the UCS was no more than a few seconds.
C)UCS always came before the CS.
D)interval between the CS and the UCS was an hour or longer.

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's research showed that a shorter interval between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) resulted in a stronger conditioned response. Waiting too long between the CS and UCS can weaken the association between the two stimuli.

Question 20

Your dog tends to salivate and get excited when you shake a box of dog biscuits. However, your dog does not drool when you shake a bag of cat food. This is an example of:
A)stimulus generalization.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)stimulus discrimination.
D)higher order conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus discrimination is the ability to tell the difference between stimuli that are similar but not the same. In this case, the dog can discriminate between the sound of a box of biscuits and a bag of cat food, and only salivates for the former, suggesting it can differentiate between the two stimuli.

Quiz 5: Section 2: Learning

After repeatedly pairing the sound of a bell with food being placed in a dog's mouth, the sound of the bell alone will make the dog salivate. The dog's salivation to the sound of the bell is called the:

Fred's dog was classically conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell. Fred then repeatedly paired the bell with another stimulus, a whistle. Now whenever he blows the whistle, his dog salivates, even though the whistle has never been paired with food. This example illustrates:

When Micah was 2-years-old he was frightened by his Aunt Mabel's little dog, which had nipped him on the leg. Because of the incident, Micah developed a strong fear of small dogs but not of large dogs. This best illustrates which of the following?

If you own a dog that tends to salivate and get excited when you shake a box of dog biscuits, you may have noticed that your dog also drools when you shake a bag of cat food. If so, this would be an example of:

Pavlov found that a conditioned response would be stronger if:

After repeatedly pairing the sound of a bell with food being placed in a dog's mouth, the sound of the bell alone will make the dog salivate. At this point, the sound of the bell is a(n) :

Behaviorism was an early school or approach to psychology that was founded by:

Which of the following has the greatest impact on the strength of the conditioned response?

Pavlov found that once he conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a tone, a tone that was slightly higher or lower in pitch would also make the dog salivate. This phenomenon is called:

A young child has learned to associate the sight of a nurse's white uniform with the fear and pain of getting an injection. If the young child begins reacting with fear to the sight of any white jacket, what has occurred?

In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, what will occur?

A young child has learned to associate the sight of a nurse's white uniform with the fear and pain of getting an injection. Using Pavlov's terminology, when the white uniform elicits a fear response, it would be termed a(n) :

The phenomenon of spontaneous recovery provides support for the idea that:

Pavlov found that a conditioned response would be stronger if the:

Your dog tends to salivate and get excited when you shake a box of dog biscuits. However, your dog does not drool when you shake a bag of cat food. This is an example of: