Question 1

The _______________________ is the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course,as well as sociohistorical circumstances.
A)exosystem
B)chronosystem
C)macrosystem
D)microsystem

Accepted Answer

The definition given matches the definition of the chronosystem, as it pertains to the timing and sequencing of life events and sociohistorical context. The other choices do not fit this definition as closely, with the exosystem being external systems that indirectly influence development, the macrosystem referring to cultural values and laws, and the microsystem being immediate, direct influences on development.

Question 2

Casual watching is very different than observation as used in scientific studies.A major difference is that scientific observation is
A)highly systematic.
B)done over a very long period of time.
C)sometimes biased.
D)None of these.

Accepted Answer

Casual watching is a subjective and unstructured way of simply looking at something, while scientific observation is a highly systematic process that involves carefully designing and planning experiments, collecting data through precise measurements and techniques, and controlling for potential biases. Therefore, option A (highly systematic) is the best choice that distinguishes scientific observation from casual watching. Option B (done over a very long period of time) is not necessarily true, as scientific observation can be conducted over a short period of time if the research question allows for it. Option C (sometimes biased) is also true, but it is not a defining characteristic of scientific observation; rather, scientists try to minimize biases through careful experimental design and data analysis.

Question 3

The ____________________ theory emphasizes environmental factors.
A)ecological
B)ethological
C)biological
D)critical-period

Accepted Answer

The ecological theory, also known as the ecological systems theory, emphasizes environmental factors as key determinants of human development. It looks at how an individual's development is shaped by various systems or environments they are part of, such as their family, community, and culture.

Question 4

_____________________ is the rapid,innate learning within a limited,critical period of time that involves attachment to the first moving object seen.
A)Evolution
B)Classical conditioning
C)Imprinting
D)Cultural matching

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described is known as imprinting, where a young animal rapidly and innately learns to attach to the first moving object it sees during a critical period of development. This crucial process was studied extensively by ethologist Konrad Lorenz, who famously showed that newly hatched geese would imprint on him as their caregiver if he was the first moving object they saw after hatching.

Question 5

A contribution of the __________________ theory is that it increases the focus on the biological and evolutionary basis of development.
A)imprinting
B)ecological
C)ethological
D)immersion

Accepted Answer

The ethological theory emphasizes the biological and evolutionary basis of development, particularly the importance of instinctive behaviors and the critical periods during which they are acquired. Imprinting and ecological theories also have biological components, but they do not focus as specifically on the biological basis of development. "Immersion" is not a recognized theory of development.

Question 6

The setting in which an individual lives is called the
A)macrosystem.
B)exosystem.
C)microsystem.
D)chronosystem.

Accepted Answer

The microsystem is the immediate environment in which an individual lives and interacts, such as home, school, or workplace.

Question 7

Since Jerome has always been the centre of attention in his family,he has some difficulty in his preschool because he insists on total attention from his peers and teachers.According to Bronfenbrenner,Jerome's developmental problems are taking place in the
A)microsystem.
B)mesosystem.
C)exosystem.
D)macrosystem.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Since Jerome has always been the centre...

Question 8

The fact that growing up in Newfoundland has influenced Corey's life provides an example of the impact of the ____________ on human development.
A)macrosystem
B)chronosystem
C)exosystem
D)microsystem

Accepted Answer

The macrosystem refers to the larger cultural and societal influences on human development. Growing up in a specific geographic location like Newfoundland would fall under this category.

Question 9

The major theorist connected to the ecological theory is
A)John Bowlby.
B)Konrad Lorenz.
C)Urie Bronfenbrenner.
D)John Piaget.

Accepted Answer

The ecological theory, also known as the bioecological systems theory, was developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner. This theory views a child's development as being influenced by a range of environmental factors, including the immediate family, community, and broader social and cultural contexts.

Question 10

__________________ argued that attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has important consequences throughout the life span.
A)Jean Piaget
B)John Watson
C)Karen Horney
D)John Bowlby

Accepted Answer

John Bowlby argued that attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has important consequences throughout the life span.

Question 11

Lorenz demonstrated the importance of experience during critical periods by imprinting goslings to
A)adoptive mothers.
B)himself.
C)each other.
D)surrogate mothers.

Accepted Answer

Lorenz demonstrated the importance of experience during critical periods by imprinting goslings to himself.

Question 12

Which of the following is missing from classical ethological theory?
A)the imprinting process
B)the nature of social relationships
C)the biological basis
D)both the imprinting process and the biological process

Accepted Answer

Classical ethological theory focused on innate behaviors and their adaptive significance, but did not fully address the nature of social relationships. It was Konrad Lorenz who later introduced the concept of imprinting and emphasized on the importance of early social experiences in shaping behavior. The biological basis was a key aspect of classical ethological theory.

Question 13

Behavioural and social cognitive theories have much to say about socioemotional processes in development,and social cognitive theory deals with cognitive processes,but these approaches have little to say about _______________ processes.
A)friendship
B)biological
C)educational
D)modeling

Accepted Answer

Behavioural and social cognitive theories focus on environmental influences and cognitive processes, but they overlook biological processes, which play a crucial role in socioemotional development. Biological processes, such as brain development, hormonal changes, and genetics, contribute to the emergence and regulation of emotions, social behaviours, and interpersonal relationships. Therefore, understanding the interplay between environment, biology, and cognition is essential for a comprehensive understanding of socioemotional processes in development.

Question 14

The person who is least likely to be an ethologist is one who observes
A)monkeys in the jungles of Africa.
B)infant-parent attachment.
C)ducklings as they develop on farms.
D)rats in a well-controlled research lab.

Accepted Answer

Ethology focuses on the study of animal behavior in natural environments, thus observing rats in a well-controlled research lab is less aligned with ethological methods compared to field observations of animals in their natural habitats or naturalistic behaviors.

Question 15

Bronfenbrenner's environmental system does not include a
A)megasystem.
B)microsystem.
C)exosystem.
D)chronosystem.

Accepted Answer

Bronfenbrenner's environmental system includes a microsystem, exosystem, mesosystem, and macrosystem, as well as a chronosystem. However, it does not include a meggasystem.

Question 16

A developmental psychologist with an ethological orientation would be least likely to
A)believe in the theory of evolution.
B)utilize the concept of a critical period.
C)view behaviour as being influenced by biology.
D)focus on the impact of punishment on behaviour.

Accepted Answer

An ethological orientation emphasizes the study of natural behavior patterns, including those associated with survival and reproduction. Punishment is a form of learning that is not typically natural in this sense, and would therefore be of less interest to a developmental psychologist with an ethological orientation. The other options are consistent with an ethological orientation: believing in evolution is important for understanding the origins of natural behavior patterns, critical periods are a key concept in studying the development of these patterns, and biology is seen as a major influence on behavior.

Question 17

Bandura argues that a child's
A)environment can influence her behaviour.
B)behaviour can influence her cognitive abilities.
C)cognitive ability can influence her environment.
D)All of these.

Accepted Answer

Bandura's social learning theory suggests that there is a reciprocal relationship between a child's environment, behaviour, and cognitive processes. Thus, all of the options presented are correct. A child's environment can influence their behaviour, which in turn can affect their cognitive abilities. Additionally, a child's cognitive abilities can influence how they perceive and interact with their environment.

Question 18

One criticism of the ethological theory is that
A)the concept of the critical period is overdrawn.
B)the concept of the critical period is underplayed.
C)the critical period emphasizes the early years, as it should.
D)there is an overemphasis on human relationships.

Accepted Answer

Some researchers argue that the ethological theory's concept of the critical period, which suggests that certain behaviors must be learned during a specific time period or they may never fully develop, is overdrawn and not as rigid as originally believed. They argue that there may be some flexibility in the timing of certain behavior development.

Question 19

Lana,who is the mayor of Brantford,decides that the city library is too expensive to maintain so she sells it to a private company that charges children $.50 to check out a book.This ecological change in the community involves the
A)chronosystem.
B)macrosystem.
C)microsystem.
D)exosystem.

Accepted Answer

The exosystem involves external environmental settings that indirectly affect a person, such as a mayor's decision impacting community resources like a library.

Question 20

Why does the textbook favour an eclectic approach?
A)It is the simplest approach.
B)It is the newest theoretical approach.
C)It recognizes the strengths of very different approaches.
D)All of these.

Accepted Answer

The textbook favours an eclectic approach because it recognizes the strengths of very different approaches. It acknowledges that no single approach can explain all aspects of human behaviour and that a diverse set of strategies is required to understand complex phenomena. Therefore, an eclectic approach gathers insights, methodologies, and theories from various schools of psychology into a more comprehensive framework. The textbook does not suggest that an eclectic approach is the simplest or newest theoretical approach, hence, A and B are incorrect answers.

Quiz 1: Introduction

The _______________________ is the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course,as well as sociohistorical circumstances.

Casual watching is very different than observation as used in scientific studies.A major difference is that scientific observation is

The ____________________ theory emphasizes environmental factors.

_____________________ is the rapid,innate learning within a limited,critical period of time that involves attachment to the first moving object seen.

A contribution of the __________________ theory is that it increases the focus on the biological and evolutionary basis of development.

The setting in which an individual lives is called the

Since Jerome has always been the centre of attention in his family,he has some difficulty in his preschool because he insists on total attention from his peers and teachers.According to Bronfenbrenner,Jerome's developmental problems are taking place in the

The fact that growing up in Newfoundland has influenced Corey's life provides an example of the impact of the ____________ on human development.

The major theorist connected to the ecological theory is

__________________ argued that attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has important consequences throughout the life span.

Lorenz demonstrated the importance of experience during critical periods by imprinting goslings to

Which of the following is missing from classical ethological theory?

Behavioural and social cognitive theories have much to say about socioemotional processes in development,and social cognitive theory deals with cognitive processes,but these approaches have little to say about _______________ processes.

The person who is least likely to be an ethologist is one who observes

Bronfenbrenner's environmental system does not include a

A developmental psychologist with an ethological orientation would be least likely to

Bandura argues that a child's

One criticism of the ethological theory is that

Lana,who is the mayor of Brantford,decides that the city library is too expensive to maintain so she sells it to a private company that charges children $.50 to check out a book.This ecological change in the community involves the

Why does the textbook favour an eclectic approach?