Question 1

Three-year-old Johnny was classically conditioned to salivate to a bell that was paired with lemon juice.After this conditioned response was extinguished, the experimenter presented the bell the following day, and Johnny responded by salivating again to the bell, at least at first.Johnny's return to the learned response is known as
A)latent learning.
B)response chaining.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)stimulus control.

Accepted Answer

Johnny's return to the learned response (salivating to the bell) after extinction is known as spontaneous recovery. This occurs because the association between the bell and lemon juice is still stored in Johnny's memory, even though the behavior was previously suppressed during the extinction phase.

Question 2

As stimuli become less like the original CS, responding
A)decreases.
B)increases.
C)remains exactly the same.
D)is not predictable.

Accepted Answer

This is the principle of generalization in classical conditioning, where stimuli that are less similar to the original conditioned stimulus (CS) result in a decrease in responding. As the stimuli become less like the CS, the association between the CS and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) weakens and the conditioned response (CR) decreases.

Question 3

A child burns her finger while playing with matches.The lighted matches become conditioned fear stimuli.Because of _____, she may also develop a healthy fear of flames from lighters, fireplaces, and stoves.
A)stimulus generalization.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)higher-order discrimination.
D)vicarious conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization occurs when stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus also elicit the conditioned response. In this case, the child may develop a fear response to similar stimuli such as flames from lighters, fireplaces, and stoves.

Question 4

The reappearance of a previously extinguished response is known as
A)a stimulus generalization.
B)a spontaneous recovery.
C)shaping.
D)latent learning.

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a previously extinguished response. Stimulus generalization refers to the tendency for a response to occur to a similar stimulus, shaping is the process of gradually molding a desired behavior, and latent learning refers to learning that occurs but isn't immediately evident in behavior.

Question 5

Mitzi's cat has learned to meow every time it hears the can opener because Mitzi opened the cat food using an electric can opener.The cat food now comes in pull-top cans, so the cat never receives food after hearing the can opener.Mitzi's cat stops meowing to the can opener, illustrating that _____ has taken place.
A)shaping
B)extinction
C)a spontaneous recovery
D)negative reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Extinction is the gradual disappearance of a learned response when a particular stimulus no longer produces the consequence that once reinforced the behavior. In this case, the cat learned to associate the sound of the can opener with getting food, but since the cat food now comes in pull-top cans, the sound of the can opener no longer produces the consequence of getting food, and the cat gradually stops meowing to it.

Question 6

Jeffery's first love was Mia, who had long blonde hair and big blue eyes.Alas, Mia's family moved far away from Jeffery's little town.The next semester, there was a new girl in Jeffery's ninth grade class.Jeffery was immediately smitten with Lauren and her long blonde hair and beautiful blue eyes.Jeffery's immediate attraction to Lauren illustrates
A)response chaining.
B)stimulus discrimination.
C)extinction.
D)stimulus generalization.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization is the tendency for the response elicited by one stimulus to be elicited by a similar stimulus. In this case, Jeffery's attraction to Mia (stimulus) was generalized to Lauren (similar stimulus).

Question 7

Responding to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus is called
A)stimulus generalization.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)transfer of training.
D)vicarious conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization is the term used to describe the phenomenon in which an organism responds to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus.

Question 8

The learned ability to respond differently to various stimuli is known as
A)stimulus degeneralization.
B)stimulus discrimination.
C)positive transfer of responding.
D)negative transfer of responding.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus discrimination is the ability to respond differently to various stimuli. Stimulus degeneralization refers to the opposite- responding similarly to similar stimuli. Positive transfer of responding refers to the previous learning facilitating new learning, while negative transfer of responding refers to the interference of previous learning with new learning. Neither of these concepts relates to the ability to respond differently to stimuli.

Question 9

A child who has learned, through classical conditioning, to fear sitting in a dentist's chair becomes frightened when he is placed in a barber's chair.This illustrates the concepts of
A)stimulus generalization.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)higher-order discrimination.
D)vicarious conditioning.

Accepted Answer

This scenario describes stimulus generalization, as the fear response is being applied to a similar stimulus (the barber's chair) as the one originally associated with fear (the dentist's chair). Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a conditioned response after a rest period without further conditioning. Higher-order discrimination involves learning to distinguish between similar stimuli based on a previously learned association. Vicarious conditioning involves learning through observing someone else's experiences.

Question 10

After having a "fender-bender" at a particular intersection near work, Nancy had to go safely through this intersection every day for two weeks before she stopped tensing up as she neared this intersection.Being able to go through this intersection without becoming tense shows that _____ has taken place.
A)extinction
B)shaping
C)a spontaneous recovery
D)latent learning

Accepted Answer

Extinction is the process of weakening a conditioned response by consistently presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. In this case, Nancy's fear response (conditioned response) to the intersection was weakened over time by regularly passing through the intersection without experiencing another accident (unconditioned stimulus).

Question 11

_____ extend(s) learning to related situations, which makes us more adaptable.
A)Stimulus generalization
B)Spontaneous recoveries
C)Extinction
D)Acquisitional conditioning

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization is the ability to transfer learned behaviors or responses from one situation to a similar situation. This allows us to extend our learning and adapt to new situations with similar stimuli.

Question 12

After a response has been extinguished, it will often reappear after a short time has passed.This is called
A)adaptiveness.
B)expectation checking.
C)an extinction recovery.
D)a spontaneous recovery.

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of time has passed. It is a normal part of the extinction process and can make it difficult to fully eliminate a behavior.

Question 13

In a classic experiment, Little Albert, a very young boy, was conditioned to be afraid of a white rat.He also became fearful of white furry rabbits and bearded men.This is an example of
A)stimulus discrimination.
B)stimulus generalization.
C)extinction.
D)shaping.

Accepted Answer

Little Albert's fear was generalized to other similar stimuli (white rabbits) and even stimuli that were not originally feared (bearded men), demonstrating stimulus generalization.

Question 14

Two principles of conditioning that have aided our learning and improved our adaptability as a species are
A)stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination.
B)spontaneous recovery and extinction.
C)lower order and higher order conditioning.
D)extinction and inhibition.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination both allow us to adapt to our environment and learn new behaviors. Stimulus generalization involves responding to a new stimuli in the same way as a previously learned stimuli, while stimulus discrimination involves learning to respond differently to similar stimuli. These principles have allowed us to learn quickly and efficiently, and adapt to different situations in our environment.

Question 15

Through behavioral therapy, Jennifer was able to extinguish her fear of dogs and to actually pet a dog without tensing up.However, Jennifer has a new neighbor with a large dog that growled at her the first time she tried to pet it.Now, Jennifer's fearfulness toward all dogs has returned.This reoccurrence of her past fear is an example of
A)latent learning.
B)response chaining.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)stimulus control.

Accepted Answer

Jennifer's fearfulness returning after encountering a scary dog is an example of spontaneous recovery, which is when a previously extinguished behavior reappears after a period of time and exposure to the original conditioned stimulus.

Question 16

In classical conditioning, _____ is the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to, but not identical to, a conditioned response.
A)stimulus generalization
B)spontaneous recovery
C)transfer of training
D)vicarious conditioning

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization is the tendency for a conditioned response to occur in the presence of stimuli that are similar, but not identical to, the original conditioned stimulus. For example, a dog conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell may also salivate at the sound of a similar tone or sound.

Question 17

Three-year-old Johnny was classically conditioned to salivate to a bell that was paired with lemon juice.Johnny also salivates to the sound of a ringing telephone and to a doorbell, even though they were never used as conditioning stimuli.Johnny's salivation to the ringing telephone and to the doorbell illustrate
A)stimulus discrimination.
B)stimulus generalization.
C)extinction.
D)shaping.

Accepted Answer

Johnny's salivation to the ringing telephone and doorbell demonstrate stimulus generalization, as he has generalized his conditioned response to other similar stimuli that were not initially presented during conditioning.

Question 18

If you condition a person to blink each time you play a particular note on a piano, blinking will _____ as you play higher or lower notes.
A)increase
B)decrease
C)remain exactly the same
D)not be predictable

Accepted Answer

The conditioned response (blinking) is likely to decrease as you play higher or lower notes because they are different from the specific note used during conditioning.

Question 19

Because Susie was scratched by her neighbor's furry black cat, she developed a phobia for the cat as well as becoming fearful of any black, furry object, including her mother's black fake fur hat.Susie's fear of her mother's hat and any other furry black object demonstrates
A)spontaneous recovery.
B)negative transfer.
C)stimulus generalization.
D)operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Susie's fear of any black, furry object, including her mother's black fake fur hat, demonstrates stimulus generalization. This is because her fear response has generalized from the specific stimulus (the neighbor's black furry cat) to other similar stimuli (black furry objects).

Question 20

_____ explains why many stores carry imitations of nationally-known products since the positive attitudes already conditioned to the real products will also occur with these cheaper knockoffs.
A)Stimulus discrimination
B)Stimulus generalization
C)Extinction
D)Spontaneous recovery

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization occurs when a stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus also elicits a conditioned response. In this case, the positive attitudes conditioned to nationally-known products are generalized to cheaper knockoffs, leading stores to carry imitations of such products to capitalize on the positive associations.

Quiz 7: Extension A: Conditioning and Learning

As stimuli become less like the original CS, responding

A child burns her finger while playing with matches.The lighted matches become conditioned fear stimuli.Because of _____, she may also develop a healthy fear of flames from lighters, fireplaces, and stoves.

The reappearance of a previously extinguished response is known as

Responding to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus is called

The learned ability to respond differently to various stimuli is known as

A child who has learned, through classical conditioning, to fear sitting in a dentist's chair becomes frightened when he is placed in a barber's chair.This illustrates the concepts of

_____ extend(s) learning to related situations, which makes us more adaptable.

After a response has been extinguished, it will often reappear after a short time has passed.This is called

In a classic experiment, Little Albert, a very young boy, was conditioned to be afraid of a white rat.He also became fearful of white furry rabbits and bearded men.This is an example of

Two principles of conditioning that have aided our learning and improved our adaptability as a species are

In classical conditioning, _____ is the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to, but not identical to, a conditioned response.

If you condition a person to blink each time you play a particular note on a piano, blinking will _____ as you play higher or lower notes.

Because Susie was scratched by her neighbor's furry black cat, she developed a phobia for the cat as well as becoming fearful of any black, furry object, including her mother's black fake fur hat.Susie's fear of her mother's hat and any other furry black object demonstrates

_____ explains why many stores carry imitations of nationally-known products since the positive attitudes already conditioned to the real products will also occur with these cheaper knockoffs.