Question 1

What we remember depends on
A)what we pay attention to.
B)what we regard as meaningful and important.
C)what we feel strongly about.
D)all of these.

Accepted Answer

All the options (what we pay attention to, what we regard as meaningful and important, and what we feel strongly about) play a role in what we remember. Our brains prioritize and store memories based on the significance and emotional impact of a particular experience, as well as how much attention we paid to it at the time. Therefore, all of these factors are crucial in shaping our memory.

Question 2

Regarding the use of hypnosis, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A)When used in solving crimes, hypnosis has sometimes uncovered more information.
B)If a questioner asks misleading or suggestive questions, hypnotized person tend to weave the information into their memories.
C)The information gained through hypnosis is more likely to be true if the hypnotized person seems very confident than if he or she expresses any degree of uncertainty.
D)In the absence of corroborating evidence, there is no sure way to tell which memories gained through hypnosis are false and which are true.

Accepted Answer

The statement "The information gained through hypnosis is more likely to be true if the hypnotized person seems very confident than if he or she expresses any degree of uncertainty" is false. Confidence does not necessarily indicate the accuracy of the information gained through hypnosis. In fact, research has shown that people can be highly confident in false memories gained through hypnosis.

Question 3

One problem with using hypnosis to recall unconscious memories is that
A)when awake the memory will once again fade away.
B)the hypnotized person fills in the gaps with imagination, creating false memories.
C)most of the time people are faking being hypnotized.
D)memories are actually lost during hypnosis, not recovered.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that people who undergo hypnosis to recall memories often fill in the gaps with their imagination, creating false memories that they believe to be true. Therefore, hypnosis is not considered a reliable method for recovering unconscious memories.

Question 4

The cognitive interview technique is most likely to be useful for which of the following?
A)A lawyer is preparing to defend a client in a case involving an automobile accident.
B)A physician is evaluating the effectiveness of a drug treatment for hyperactivity.
C)A psychologist is treating a child for anxiety related to the death of a parent.
D)A recruiter is interviewing candidates for service in a foreign embassy.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive interview technique is designed to enhance the retrieval of information from witnesses and victims of crimes, making it particularly useful in legal contexts such as preparing a defense in a case involving an automobile accident.

Question 5

When a witness to a crime "remembers" a face that they actually saw somewhere other than the crime scene illustrates the occurrence of
A)pseudo-memories.
B)iconic memories.
C)eidetic memories.
D)implicit memories.

Accepted Answer

Pseudo-memories are false memories that are not based on reality but are a result of suggestions, leading questions, or other factors that can influence memory. In this case, the witness may have seen the face before but not at the crime scene, and the suggestion or leading question may have caused them to falsely remember it as being at the crime scene.

Question 6

The cognitive interview technique includes which of the following?
A)recalling the event in different orders
B)mentally positioning yourself in different places during the event
C)revisiting the scene in one's imagination or in person
D)all of these

Accepted Answer

The cognitive interview technique includes all of these aspects, as they aim to enhance memory retrieval by providing various mental and contextual cues. By recalling the event in different orders, mentally positioning oneself in different places during the event, and revisiting the scene in one's imagination or in person, the interviewer helps the witness to access different aspects of the event and generate more accurate and complete information. Therefore, all the options are correct.

Question 7

Research on the effectiveness of hypnosis in solving crimes found that
A)hypnosis improved memory only for crimes involving high emotion, such as kidnapping or murder.
B)hypnosis increased pseudo-memories as the person filled in memory gaps with imagination.
C)hypnosis was only accurate for good hypnotic subjects.
D)if the person felt confident about the information gained through hypnosis, then the information was more likely to be true.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that hypnosis can lead to the creation of pseudo-memories, where individuals may fill in gaps in their memory with imagined details, rather than accurately recalling events.

Question 8

A witness to a crime is questioned in ways that re-create the context of the crime and that provide many memory cues.It appears that she is undergoing
A)retroactive priming.
B)the progressive part method.
C)retroactive consolidation.
D)a cognitive interview.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive interview is a technique used by law enforcement to question witnesses in such a way that it re-creates the context of the crime and provides many memory cues. This helps to improve the accuracy and completeness of the witness's account. Retroactive priming and consolidation refer to memory processes, while the progressive part method is a learning strategy.

Question 9

The key to the cognitive interview is
A)the use of progressive relaxation.
B)the use of progressive part recollection and recovery of memories.
C)priming of eidetic imagery.
D)recreating the crime scene.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The key to the cognitive interview is
A)the...

Question 10

Pseudo-memories are
A)those memories recalled after amnesia.
B)false memories resulting from constructive processing.
C)delusions associated with mental illness.
D)short-term memories.

Accepted Answer

Pseudo-memories are false memories that are the result of constructive processing, which is a process where memories are built based on information that may be incomplete or incorrect. These memories can feel very real and can be difficult to distinguish from actual memories.

Question 11

After Barbara was raped, the forensic psychologist took Barbara back to the dorm room in which the crime took place, hoping that aspects of the crime scene, such as sounds, smells, and objects, would provide helpful retrieval cues.The forensic psychologist then had Barbara to recall the events in a different order and from different vantage points in the room.Every new memory, no matter how trivial was noted, since it might serve as a cue to trigger the retrieval of even more memories.Barbara is undergoing
A)retroactive priming.
B)the progressive part method.
C)retroactive consolidation.
D)a cognitive interview.

Accepted Answer

The forensic psychologist is using a cognitive interview technique with Barbara, which involves taking the person back to the crime scene and asking them to recall the events in a different order and from different perspectives to retrieve more memories. The technique also involves noting every new memory, no matter how trivial, as it may serve as a retrieval cue for additional memories.

Question 12

The _____ uses various cues and strategies to improve the memory of eyewitnesses and produces 35 percent more correct information than standard questioning with this improvement occurring without the addition of false memories
A)retroactive priming procedure
B)progressive part method
C)cognitive interview
D)forensic psychology hypnosis procedure

Accepted Answer

The cognitive interview uses various cues and strategies to improve the memory of eyewitnesses and has been shown to produce 35 percent more correct information than standard questioning. It does not involve the use of hypnosis or retroactive priming procedure, and it is not a technique for learning skills or tasks like the progressive part method.

Question 13

Regarding the use of hypnosis, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?
A)Eighty percent of the new memories produced by hypnotized subjects in one classic experiment were incorrect.
B)If a questioner asks misleading or suggestive questions, hypnotized person tend to weave the information into their memories.
C)Even when a memory is completely false, the hypnotized person's confidence in it can be unshakable.
D)All of these statements are true.

Accepted Answer

All of these statements are true. Studies have shown that hypnosis can lead to the creation of false memories, with up to 80% of the memories produced by hypnotized subjects in one classic experiment being incorrect. Additionally, hypnotized individuals may be susceptible to suggestion and misleading questioning, which can further distort their memories. Even when a memory is completely false, the hypnotized person may be extremely confident in its accuracy.

Question 14

Strategies used in a cognitive interview that help recreate the context in which the information was learned include
A)skilled use of mnemonics.
B)putting yourself back in the situation mentally.
C)working on sensory and attentional processes.
D)using dream analysis to remember details.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive interview involves various techniques such as reinstating the context by mentally putting oneself back in the situation. This strategy helps in recreating the context in which the information was learned. Skilled use of mnemonics, working on sensory and attentional processes, and dream analysis are not typically used in the cognitive interview technique.

Question 15

Many children remember what their parents said they did at very young ages rather than remembering the actual events.Remembering the information, but not the source of the memory explains how _____ are formed.
A)eidetic images
B)internal images
C)pseudo-memories
D)iconic memories

Accepted Answer

Pseudo-memories refer to false or distorted memories that can be formed by suggestions, misinformation, or other external factors. In this case, it is likely that the parents' descriptions of events may have influenced the children's memories, leading to the formation of pseudo-memories. The other options do not fit the situation described in the question.

Question 16

A witness identifies an innocent person seen somewhere else as the perpetrator of a crime.The main reason for this mistake in memory occurring is that
A)new information tends to "overwrite" semantic memories.
B)people often cannot remember the source of a memory.
C)procedural memories are easily confused by similar information.
D)the serial position effect is causing the incorrect retrieval.

Accepted Answer

This mistake in memory can occur because people often cannot remember the source of a memory, meaning they cannot determine whether the memory is accurate or not. This can lead to a witness identifying an innocent person as the perpetrator of a crime based on a false memory.

Question 17

The worst that happens when hypnosis is used as an aid to memory in solving a crime is that
A)the subject is not susceptible to hypnotic suggestion.
B)hypnotized witnesses lack confidence in their memories when they testify.
C)testimony based on hypnotic induction is not believed by juries.
D)additional memories are produced that are largely false.

Accepted Answer

Hypnosis can lead to the production of false memories, which can lead to incorrect testimony and potentially wrongful convictions. This is a serious ethical concern and is why the use of hypnosis as an aid to memory in solving crimes is controversial and not widely accepted within the legal system.

Question 18

The major problem with using hypnosis in police work is
A)vicarious inhibition.
B)that there is little evidence that information gathered by hypnosis has ever helped solve a police case.
C)the occurrence of false memories.
D)a person's ability to be hypnotized.

Accepted Answer

Hypnosis has been shown to lead to the creation of false memories, which can be problematic in police work. Additionally, there is little solid evidence to suggest that information gathered through hypnosis has ever been essential in solving a police case. A person's ability to be hypnotized may also be a limiting factor in using this technique effectively. While vicarious inhibition is a phenomenon related to hypnosis, it is not a major problem with using hypnosis in police work.

Question 19

Regarding false memories, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A)People in Elizabeth Loftus' "smashed car" experiments who had pseudo-memories were often quite upset to learn that they had given false "testimony."
B)False memories occur because new information "overwrites" existing memories.
C)Because people cannot remember the source of a memory, it can lead witnesses to "remember" a face that they actually saw somewhere other than the crime scene.
D)False long-term memories are a common problem in police work.

Accepted Answer

False memories occur not because new information "overwrites" existing memories, but because new information can be integrated with existing memories, leading to distortions or alterations.

Question 20

To help police detectives, Geiselman and Fisher created the _____, a technique for jogging the memory of eyewitnesses.
A)retroactive priming procedure
B)progressive part method
C)cognitive interview
D)retroactive consolidation procedure

Accepted Answer

Geiselman and Fisher created the cognitive interview technique, which is used to jog the memory of eyewitnesses and help police detectives. The other options do not refer to this technique.

Quiz 8: Extension A: Memory

What we remember depends on

Regarding the use of hypnosis, which of the following statements is FALSE?

One problem with using hypnosis to recall unconscious memories is that

The cognitive interview technique is most likely to be useful for which of the following?

When a witness to a crime "remembers" a face that they actually saw somewhere other than the crime scene illustrates the occurrence of

The cognitive interview technique includes which of the following?

Research on the effectiveness of hypnosis in solving crimes found that

A witness to a crime is questioned in ways that re-create the context of the crime and that provide many memory cues.It appears that she is undergoing

The key to the cognitive interview is

Pseudo-memories are

The _____ uses various cues and strategies to improve the memory of eyewitnesses and produces 35 percent more correct information than standard questioning with this improvement occurring without the addition of false memories

Regarding the use of hypnosis, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

Strategies used in a cognitive interview that help recreate the context in which the information was learned include

Many children remember what their parents said they did at very young ages rather than remembering the actual events.Remembering the information, but not the source of the memory explains how _____ are formed.

A witness identifies an innocent person seen somewhere else as the perpetrator of a crime.The main reason for this mistake in memory occurring is that

The worst that happens when hypnosis is used as an aid to memory in solving a crime is that

The major problem with using hypnosis in police work is

Regarding false memories, which of the following statements is FALSE?

To help police detectives, Geiselman and Fisher created the _____, a technique for jogging the memory of eyewitnesses.