Question 1

In Hannigan and Reinitz's (2001) study, subjects were shown a photograph of a woman at a grocery store passing a pile of oranges on the floor.Two days later, they were shown a photograph of a woman pulling an orange from the bottom of a stack of oranges._____ of the students were sure that they had seen that photograph two days earlier when, in reality, they had not been shown that photograph.
A)Only 10 percent
B)33 percent
C)68 percent
D)92 percent

Accepted Answer

According to the study, 68 percent of the subjects were sure that they had seen the photograph of the woman pulling an orange from the bottom of a stack of oranges two days earlier, when in fact they had not been shown that photograph.

Question 2

The study involving participants being shown fake ads depicting Bugs Bunny at Disney World illustrates how people
A)do not pay attention or remember print ads as well as they do filmed ads.
B)will lie to get attention even as adults.
C)actually believe they remember meeting Bugs Bunny in Disney World when the event could not have occurred.
D)can remember meeting Bugs Bunny as a child but cannot recall meeting the characters as adults, since cartoon characters are more meaningful for children.

Accepted Answer

The study shows that people can actually come to believe that they remember meeting Bugs Bunny in Disney World, even though the event never occurred. This indicates that people can be influenced by misleading information and suggestibility, leading to false memories. The study does not provide evidence for options A, B, or D.

Question 3

According to economist Jesse Shapiro's research on advertising, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A)Storing enough of these commercials can eventually create "memories" that never happened.
B)The more positive fictional commercials we see, the more likely we are to remember an actual negative experience with the product.
C)Long-term advertising campaigns create a "brand" memory that can be remarkably strong, especially for ads first viewed in early childhood.
D)The intent of much advertising is to "jam" our memories with positive impressions of a product, not just to familiarize and inform us about the product.

Accepted Answer

This statement is false according to Shapiro's research. The more positive fictional commercials we see, the less likely we are to remember an actual negative experience with the product.

Question 4

Greg is watching television when a beer commercial comes on that he has seen many times.In this commercial, a boy goes to a cool party, sees an attractive girl, flashes his favorite beer, and gets the girl.A year later, a friend asks Greg where he met his girlfriend, and he relates a scenario very similar to the beer commercial, although his girlfriend does not remember any alcoholic beverages being served at this small "party" where they met.According to Jesse Shapiro, Greg's creation of a "memory" that never really happened occurred because advertisers are attempting to
A)"prime" implicit memories.
B)"jam" your memories.
C)create the serial position effect.
D)elicit semantic memories rather than episodic ones.

Accepted Answer

The scenario described in the beer commercial may have influenced Greg's memory and caused him to create a false memory of meeting his girlfriend in a similar situation. This is an example of how advertisers can "jam" or interfere with people's memories by presenting them with misleading information.

Question 5

If a person reports small gaps in his or her memory of past events, it is
A)normal.
B)the early indications of Alzheimer's disease.
C)called amnesia.
D)possible he or she is lying, since memories are permanent.

Accepted Answer

Small gaps in memory are normal and do not necessarily indicate a serious problem. It is common for memories to fade or become less detailed over time, and occasional gaps or lapses in memory are a normal part of aging or can be the result of stress or other factors. It is important to note, however, that persistent or significant memory loss should be evaluated by a medical professional.

Question 6

According to economist Jesse Shapiro, the intent of much advertising is to
A)lie to the consumer regarding their product.
B)provoke creative thinking in consumers about how this product can benefit them.
C)"jam"the consumer's memory with positive impressions of a product.
D)"frighten" the consumer into buying a product that will prolong life and youth.

Accepted Answer

According to economist Jesse Shapiro, the primary intent of advertising is to "jam" the consumer's memory with positive impressions of a product. While advertising may also aim to encourage creative thinking about product benefits or appeal to consumers' fears, the goal of creating positive associations with a product is the most important one for most advertisers. Lying to consumers about a product would likely have short-term gains but ultimately harm the advertiser's reputation and sales, and "frightening" consumers can also backfire by making them skeptical or anxious about the product being advertised.

Question 7

The participants who were in the "smashed" condition in the Loftus and Palmer filmed automobile accident study were questioned a week later about the witnessed incident.What were the findings from this group of participants?
A)They reported that they could only remember a few details of the filmed accident.
B)They overestimated the speed of both vehicles in the filmed accident.
C)They reported seeing broken glass when there was none in the film.
D)They could remember the color of the cars but not the make or model of the car.

Accepted Answer

Participants in the "smashed" condition were more likely to report seeing broken glass, even though there was none, demonstrating the effect of leading questions on memory distortion.

Question 8

Loftus and Palmer's study involving subjects being shown a filmed automobile accident and Hannigan and Reinitz's study involving college students being shown photographs depicted common activities, such as shopping for groceries or eating at a restaurant found that the subjects
A)exhibited excellent procedural memory of the photographs, but not the filmed events.
B)exhibited excellent episodic memory of the filmed events and photographs.
C)revised their long-term memory of the filmed events and photographs.
D)repressed all emotional events from the film events, but not the photographs.

Accepted Answer

Loftus and Palmer's study found that subjects revised their long-term memory of the filmed automobile accident based on the phrasing of the questions they were asked. Hannigan and Reinitz's study did not specifically investigate memory revision, but it is possible that subjects' memories of the depicted activities could have been revised or influenced by external factors. Therefore, C is the best choice as it accurately describes the potential for revision of long-term memory in both studies.

Question 9

_____ involves reorganizing or updating memories on the basis of logic, reasoning, or the addition of new information.
A)Redintegration
B)Constructive processing
C)Eidetic imaging
D)Consolidation

Accepted Answer

Constructive processing involves reorganizing or updating memories on the basis of logic, reasoning, or the addition of new information. Redintegration refers to the process of combining parts of memories to form a complete memory, Eidetic imaging refers to photographic memory, and Consolidation refers to the process of stabilizing and strengthening memories after they are initially acquired.

Question 10

If you thought you "remembered" that "sleep" was on the original list of words you read in the "Try It Yourself" section of this chapter, then you were mistaken, since the word "sleep" was not present but was associated with most of the words on the original list.This exercise illustrates the reality of
A)false memories.
B)priming implicit memories.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)eidetic imagery.

Accepted Answer

The exercise shows the concept of false memories where individuals remember something that did not actually occur but is associated with a particular context, event or situation. In this case, the word "sleep" was not on the original list, but individuals may remember seeing it due to the association with the other words presented.

Question 11

According to economist Jesse Shapiro, the more positive fictional commercials we see, the less likely we are to remember an actual negative experience with a product because
A)the commercial produces an indelible implicit memory that is difficult to eradicate from one's memory.
B)of the impact of peer pressure on people's attitudes.
C)the positive fictional memories of the commercial "jam," or block, our ability to remember actual negative memories when deciding whether to buy a product.
D)of cognitive dissonance and our tendency to rationalize our decisions.

Accepted Answer

The positive fictional memories of the commercial "jam," or block, our ability to remember actual negative memories when deciding whether to buy a product. This is known as the interference effect. It is easier for positive information to interfere with our ability to remember negative experiences than vice versa.

Question 12

You take your girlfriend to the fancy restaurant in town.As you are enjoying your meal, you ask her if her meal is as good as the last time you both came to this restaurant.She then informs you that this is the first time she has ever been to this restaurant with you.You have just gotten into trouble due to
A)constructive processing.
B)anterograde amnesia.
C)repression.
D)encoding failure.

Accepted Answer

The answer of You take your girlfriend to the fancy...

Question 13

The filmed automobile accident study conducted by Loftus and Palmer illustrated that
A)new information can be integrated into memory and transform those memories.
B)memory traces are permanent and overwhelmingly accurate.
C)logical interference and information processing combine to encode visually detailed memories.
D)memory is, in fact, just like a video recorder.

Accepted Answer

The filmed automobile accident study conducted by Loftus and Palmer demonstrated that new information can be integrated into memory and transform those memories, known as the misinformation effect.

Question 14

If you rehearse the Gettysburg Address until you have learned it to perfection, you can expect your memory for it to be
A)fleeting and likely to disappear within hours.
B)available only in special situations.
C)relatively permanent but subject to revision.
D)fixed in a neural substrate and available unless the brain is subjected to damage or disease.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If you rehearse the Gettysburg Address until...

Question 15

According to economist Jesse Shapiro, every extra commercial you view adds one more positive memory of that product to your long-term memory, thus increasing your positive impression of this product.Shapiro refers to this as
A)"priming" implicit memories.
B)"memory jamming."
C)the serial position effect.
D)flashbulb memories.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to economist Jesse Shapiro, every extra...

Question 16

As new memories are formed, older memories are often
A)updated.
B)unchanged.
C)decayed.
D)deconstructed.

Accepted Answer

As new memories are formed, they can interact with and modify existing memories, leading to updates or changes in the older memories. This process is known as memory consolidation. Therefore, option A is the best choice as older memories are often updated.

Question 17

You tell a person that you spent last spring holiday with your parents because that is where you usually spend spring holiday, but then your best friend reminds you that you went with her to her parents last spring holiday.Your mistake illustrates the _____ of memory, in which logic is used to fill in the gaps in memory.
A)redintegration
B)consolidation
C)eidetic imaging
D)constructive processing

Accepted Answer

The given scenario illustrates the constructive processing of memory where logic is used to fill in gaps in memory. The person had constructed an inaccurate memory of spending the last spring holiday with their parents when they had actually spent it with their best friend's parents.

Question 18

Regarding long-term memories, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?
A)Gaps in one's memory are common.
B)It is possible to believe that you remember things that never happened.
C)As new long-term memories are stored, older memories are often updated, changed, lost, or revised.
D)All of these statements are true.

Accepted Answer

Gaps in one's memory are common, and it is possible to believe that you remember things that never happened. Additionally, as new long-term memories are stored, older memories are often updated, changed, lost, or revised. Therefore, all of these statements are true regarding long-term memories.

Question 19

Pseudo-memories are closely related to the effects of
A)repression.
B)suppression.
C)semantic forgetting.
D)constructive processing.

Accepted Answer

Pseudo-memories refer to false memories that are created due to constructive processing, which is when individuals use general knowledge and past experiences to fill in missing details or reconstruct memories. Pseudo-memories can feel just as real as actual memories, but they are not accurate representations of past events. Repression and suppression refer to unconscious and conscious efforts to forget or push away memories, respectively, while semantic forgetting refers to the inability to remember facts or information.

Question 20

When we fill in the gaps in memory with logic, guessing, or new information, we are using
A)redintegration.
B)constructive processing.
C)eidetic imaging.
D)consolidation.

Accepted Answer

The process of filling in missing information in memory with logic, guessing, or new information is known as constructive processing. This process is an active process of memory retrieval that relies on both the available information and the cognitive processes of the individual. Redintegration refers to the use of context to retrieve related information, eidetic imaging refers to the ability to vividly recall visual information, and consolidation refers to the process of stabilizing and strengthening memories over time.

Quiz 8: Extension A: Memory

The study involving participants being shown fake ads depicting Bugs Bunny at Disney World illustrates how people

According to economist Jesse Shapiro's research on advertising, which of the following statements is FALSE?

If a person reports small gaps in his or her memory of past events, it is

According to economist Jesse Shapiro, the intent of much advertising is to

The participants who were in the "smashed" condition in the Loftus and Palmer filmed automobile accident study were questioned a week later about the witnessed incident.What were the findings from this group of participants?

Loftus and Palmer's study involving subjects being shown a filmed automobile accident and Hannigan and Reinitz's study involving college students being shown photographs depicted common activities, such as shopping for groceries or eating at a restaurant found that the subjects

_____ involves reorganizing or updating memories on the basis of logic, reasoning, or the addition of new information.

According to economist Jesse Shapiro, the more positive fictional commercials we see, the less likely we are to remember an actual negative experience with a product because

The filmed automobile accident study conducted by Loftus and Palmer illustrated that

If you rehearse the Gettysburg Address until you have learned it to perfection, you can expect your memory for it to be

According to economist Jesse Shapiro, every extra commercial you view adds one more positive memory of that product to your long-term memory, thus increasing your positive impression of this product.Shapiro refers to this as

As new memories are formed, older memories are often

Regarding long-term memories, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

Pseudo-memories are closely related to the effects of

When we fill in the gaps in memory with logic, guessing, or new information, we are using