Question 1

Classical conditioning takes place when a(n)________ is continuously matched with a(n)________.
A) conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
B) unconditioned response; conditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
D) unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response is paired with a neutral stimulus, until the neutral stimulus alone elicits the response. The natural and automatic stimulus is called the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), and the response it elicits is called the unconditioned response (UCR). The neutral stimulus that is continuously paired with the UCS is called the conditioned stimulus (CS), and eventually it starts to elicit a similar response to the UCR, which is called the conditioned response (CR). Therefore, in classical conditioning, the CS is continuously matched with the UCS.

Question 2

If a conditioned stimulus is only occasionally matched with an unconditioned stimulus,the association between the two will weaken.This is called ________.
A) generalisation
B) interference
C) the spacing effect
D) extinction

Accepted Answer

This is the definition of extinction, where the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 3

Which theory listed below assumes that learning takes place as the result of responses to external events?
A) Behavioural learning
B) Episodic learning
C) Incidental learning
D) Gestalt learning

Accepted Answer

The theory that assumes that learning takes place as a result of responses to external events is called behavioural learning. This theory is based on the idea that behaviour is shaped by the consequences that follow it, whether positive or negative. Episodic learning is a type of memory that involves the ability to remember specific experiences or events, while incidental learning refers to the acquisition of knowledge without any conscious effort to learn. Gestalt learning is based on principles of perception and emphasizes the importance of context and wholes over individual parts.

Question 4

The researcher and theorist most associated with instrumental conditioning is ________.
A) Pavlov
B) Skinner
C) Keller
D) Werner

Accepted Answer

B.F. Skinner is most associated with instrumental conditioning, also known as operant conditioning. Skinner's research and theories focused on how behavior is shaped by its consequences, specifically through reinforcement and punishment. Pavlov's work, on the other hand, is most associated with classical conditioning, in which a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. Keller and Werner are not typically associated with conditioning research.

Question 5

Determining the most effective reinforcement schedule to use with consumers is important to marketers.What type of reinforcement schedule is most likely being used when,after a period of time has passed,the first response a consumer makes brings the reward?
A) Fixed-interval reinforcement
B) Variable-interval reinforcement
C) Fixed-ratio reinforcement
D) Variable-ratio reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Fixed-interval reinforcement schedule provides a reward after a fixed period of time has elapsed since the last reward was given. The first response a consumer makes after this fixed interval of time brings the reward. Therefore, option A is the most appropriate choice.

Question 6

________ refers to a relatively permanent change in behaviour that is caused by experience.
A) Adjustment
B) Shaping
C) Reinforcement
D) Learning

Accepted Answer

Learning involves a relatively permanent change in behaviour, cognition, or capability resulting from experience. Adjustment refers to a process of adapting or becoming accustomed to a new situation, while shaping and reinforcement are specific techniques used in learning.

Question 7

The ________ refers to the tendency people have to react to stimuli similar to an original stimulus in a classical conditioning situation in much the same way they responded to the original stimulus.
A) masking illusion
B) sensory memory
C) cueing effect
D) halo effect

Accepted Answer

The answer of The ________ refers to the tendency people...

Question 8

Much learning takes effort and time,but some learning is so casual as to be unintentional.This type of learning is referred to as ________ learning.
A) stage one
B) subliminal
C) incidental
D) evoked

Accepted Answer

Incidental learning refers to acquiring information without intending to learn or without being aware of the learning process. It can happen through observation, listening, or even playing games or engaging in leisure activities. It occurs in everyday life and often without conscious effort.

Question 9

What mechanism is used when a consumer learns to perform responses that produce positive outcomes?
A) Extinction
B) Punishment
C) Negative reinforcement
D) Positive reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement is the mechanism used when a consumer learns to perform responses that produce positive outcomes. This means that the consumer is more likely to repeat a behavior if it has been followed by a positive outcome or reward, such as a discount, free gift or extra service. Through positive reinforcement, the consumer learns that certain behaviors lead to favorable outcomes, and is thus encouraged to repeat those behaviors in the future.

Question 10

Which of the following occurs when a customer learns that two products are different even though the packages of both products look similar?
A) Extinction
B) Brand equity
C) Stimulus generalisation
D) Stimulus discrimination

Accepted Answer

Stimulus discrimination occurs when a customer learns to differentiate between two similar stimuli (products) based on some characteristic. In this case, the customer has learned to differentiate between two products with similar packaging, indicating that they have developed stimulus discrimination.

Question 11

Another name for instrumental conditioning is ________ conditioning.
A) operant
B) neoclassical
C) stimulus
D) reward

Accepted Answer

Instrumental conditioning is also known as operant conditioning because it involves the association between an operant behavior and its consequences. In this type of conditioning, the likelihood of a behavior occurring again is influenced by the consequences that follow it.

Question 12

If a woman gets compliments after wearing Obsession perfume,she is more likely to keep buying the product and wearing it.What type of instrumental conditioning has occurred in the situation?
A) Neutral reinforcement
B) Positive reinforcement
C) Negative reinforcement
D) Symbolic reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement has occurred in the situation, as the compliment serves as a reward for wearing the Obsession perfume, increasing the likelihood of the behavior (buying and wearing the perfume) being repeated in the future.

Question 13

In instrumental conditioning,what is the distinction between negative reinforcement and punishment?
A) There is no difference. They are two words for the same thing.
B) Negative reinforcement can occur when a stimulus is positive, and punishment occurs when a stimulus is painful.
C) Negative reinforcement occurs when a negative outcome is avoided, while punishment occurs when an action causes a negative outcome.
D) Negative reinforcement creates a preference for negative results, while punishment teaches people to avoid negative results.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior is strengthened by the removal or avoidance of a negative outcome (such as taking pain medication to relieve a headache), while punishment occurs when a behavior is weakened by the presentation of an aversive stimulus (such as getting a speeding ticket for breaking the law). The key difference is that negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior, while punishment decreases it.

Question 14

Stimulus generalisation refers to ________.
A) the tendency for stimuli to be similar in nature
B) the fact that most conditioned stimuli are similar to unconditioned stimuli
C) the tendency of stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus (CS) to evoke similar, conditioned responses
D) the tendency for extinction to occur when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a stimulus similar to a conditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalisation occurs when stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus (CS) can also evoke similar conditioned responses. This is often seen in experiments where animals or humans have been conditioned to respond to a specific stimulus, but also respond to similar but not identical stimuli.

Question 15

A department store decides to use 'mystery shoppers' at unannounced times to test for service quality among its personnel.Store personnel are rewarded for excellent service attitudes.Which of the following reinforcement schedules would most likely apply in this situation?
A) Fixed-ratio reinforcement
B) Fixed-interval reinforcement
C) Variable-frequency reinforcement
D) Variable-interval reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Variable-interval reinforcement would most likely apply in this situation because the store personnel are being rewarded for their service attitudes based on unpredictable timings (unannounced visits by mystery shoppers) rather than a fixed schedule.

Question 16

________ was first demonstrated in experiments performed on dogs by Ivan Pavlov,a Russian physiologist doing research on digestion in animals.
A) Instrumental conditioning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Cognitive conditioning
D) Extinction conditioning

Accepted Answer

The type of conditioning first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov on dogs was classical conditioning, which involves pairing a neutral stimulus (such as a bell) with an unconditioned stimulus (such as food) to elicit a conditioned response (such as salivation to the sound of the bell alone). Instrumental conditioning, also known as operant conditioning, involves learning based on consequences of behavior, while cognitive conditioning and extinction conditioning are not recognized types of conditioning in psychology.

Question 17

Behavioural learning theorists do not focus on internal thought processes; rather,they look to external evidence to study learning.What aspects of the environment are of most concern to behaviourists in studying learning?
A) Energy and work
B) Stimulus and response
C) Thought and memory
D) Sensation and perception

Accepted Answer

Behavioural learning theorists focus on observable behaviour and the relationship between stimuli and responses. Therefore, the aspects of the environment that are of most concern to them in studying learning are the stimuli presented to individuals and their corresponding behavioural responses.

Question 18

A woman no longer receives compliments on the perfume she wears.In learning terms,the stimulus-response connection has weakened.Which of the following processes best explains what has occurred in the example?
A) Negative reinforcement
B) Extinction
C) Discrimination
D) Generalisation

Accepted Answer

Extinction occurs when a conditioned stimulus (the perfume) no longer produces the conditioned response (compliments). This weakening of the stimulus-response connection means that the behavior (giving compliments) is no longer reinforced, which leads to extinction.

Question 19

According to the theory of classical conditioning,________ should be encouraged by promoting the unique attributes of a well-established brand.
A) stimulus generalisation
B) the halo effect
C) stimulus discrimination
D) extinction

Accepted Answer

According to classical conditioning, stimulus discrimination occurs when individuals learn to differentiate between similar stimuli and respond differently to each. In the context of a well-established brand, promoting its unique attributes can help consumers differentiate it from other similar brands, thus encouraging stimulus discrimination.

Question 20

Family branding,licensing and look-alike packaging are all marketing strategies based on ________.
A) stimulus generalisation
B) the spacing effect
C) stimulus discrimination
D) extinction

Accepted Answer

Family branding, licensing, and look-alike packaging are all marketing strategies that utilize stimulus generalization. This involves creating similar stimuli (such as packaging or branding) to promote a product or a range of products, hoping that consumers will associate these stimuli with the main brand and prefer them over other alternatives.

Quiz 3: Learning and Memory

Classical conditioning takes place when a(n) is continuously matched with a(n) .

If a conditioned stimulus is only occasionally matched with an unconditioned stimulus,the association between the two will weaken.This is called ________.

Which theory listed below assumes that learning takes place as the result of responses to external events?

The researcher and theorist most associated with instrumental conditioning is ________.

Determining the most effective reinforcement schedule to use with consumers is important to marketers.What type of reinforcement schedule is most likely being used when,after a period of time has passed,the first response a consumer makes brings the reward?

________ refers to a relatively permanent change in behaviour that is caused by experience.

The ________ refers to the tendency people have to react to stimuli similar to an original stimulus in a classical conditioning situation in much the same way they responded to the original stimulus.

Much learning takes effort and time,but some learning is so casual as to be unintentional.This type of learning is referred to as ________ learning.

What mechanism is used when a consumer learns to perform responses that produce positive outcomes?

Which of the following occurs when a customer learns that two products are different even though the packages of both products look similar?

Another name for instrumental conditioning is ________ conditioning.

If a woman gets compliments after wearing Obsession perfume,she is more likely to keep buying the product and wearing it.What type of instrumental conditioning has occurred in the situation?

In instrumental conditioning,what is the distinction between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Stimulus generalisation refers to ________.

A department store decides to use 'mystery shoppers' at unannounced times to test for service quality among its personnel.Store personnel are rewarded for excellent service attitudes.Which of the following reinforcement schedules would most likely apply in this situation?

________ was first demonstrated in experiments performed on dogs by Ivan Pavlov,a Russian physiologist doing research on digestion in animals.

Behavioural learning theorists do not focus on internal thought processes; rather,they look to external evidence to study learning.What aspects of the environment are of most concern to behaviourists in studying learning?

A woman no longer receives compliments on the perfume she wears.In learning terms,the stimulus-response connection has weakened.Which of the following processes best explains what has occurred in the example?

According to the theory of classical conditioning,________ should be encouraged by promoting the unique attributes of a well-established brand.

Family branding,licensing and look-alike packaging are all marketing strategies based on ________.