Question 1

The two types of associative learning are
A) classical conditioning and observational learning.
B) vicarious learning and cognitive learning.
C) classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
D) operant conditioning and cognitive learning.

Accepted Answer

The two types of associative learning are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Choice A is incorrect because observational learning is a form of learning through observation and imitation, not association. Choice B is incorrect because vicarious learning is a type of observational learning where individuals learn from the consequences of others' actions, and cognitive learning refers to the process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thinking, problem-solving, and reasoning. Choice D is incorrect because cognitive learning is not a type of associative learning, and operant conditioning is already included in Choice C.

Question 2

When three-year-old Ashley hears her father at the door,she runs to the front door to greet him and receives a hug from her father.This hug is considered a consequence that has what effect on Ashley's response of running to the door?
A) reinforces
B) classically conditions
C) vicariously conditions
D) extinguishes

Accepted Answer

The hug from her father reinforces Ashley's behavior of running to the door.

Question 3

In classical conditioning,learning is evident when a
A) stimulus automatically elicits a consequence.
B) stimulus, which did not initially produce a response, now elicits that response.
C) spontaneously emitted response increases in frequency because of its consequences.
D) subject repeats an action he or she has observed another person perform.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves the pairing of a neutral stimulus (one that does not elicit a response) with an unconditioned stimulus (one that does elicit a response). Over time, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus and elicits a conditioned response. Learning is evident when the stimulus, which did not initially produce a response, now elicits that response.

Question 4

The blinking of your eye to a puff of air would be a good example of a(n)
A) antecedent.
B) reflex.
C) precursor.
D) secondary reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

The blinking of your eye to a puff of air is a reflex action, which is an automatic response to a stimulus.

Question 5

In which type of learning are reflex responses are associated with new stimuli?
A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) cognitive learning
D) insight learning

Accepted Answer

Reflex responses are associated with new stimuli in classical conditioning, which is a process of learning by which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit a specific response through repeated pairing with a stimulus that naturally elicits that response.

Question 6

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are two types of __________ learning.
A) insight
B) associative
C) vicarious
D) cognitive

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are both forms of associative learning, in which an association is formed between two stimuli (classical) or a behavior and its consequence (operant). Insight learning involves sudden realization or problem solving without trial-and-error learning. Vicarious learning involves learning by observing others' experiences. Cognitive learning involves acquiring knowledge, skills, or understanding through mental processes.

Question 7

An antecedent stimulus that does not produce a response is linked with a stimulus that does produce the response in a type of learning known as
A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) cognitive learning.
D) instrumental learning.

Accepted Answer

The described type of learning is classical conditioning, where an initially neutral stimulus (antecedent stimulus) becomes associated with a biologically relevant stimulus (actual stimulus) that triggers a response. Over time, the neutral stimulus alone can elicit the same response.

Question 8

Classical conditioning is based on
A) the consequences of making a response.
B) what happens before we respond.
C) punishments the organism receives.
D) the observation of another organism being reinforced for a response.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is based on what happens before we respond. It involves learning to associate a neutral stimulus (such as a bell) with a meaningful stimulus (such as food) in a way that the neutral stimulus elicits a response (such as salivation) that is usually only elicited by the meaningful stimulus. This happens because the neutral stimulus becomes a signal for the presence of the meaningful stimulus. This process was famously studied by Ivan Pavlov and is therefore also known as Pavlovian conditioning. The consequences of making a response are more relevant to operant conditioning, which is a different type of learning.

Question 9

When three-year-old Ashley hears a truck pull into the driveway,it means that Daddy is home.The sound of the truck would be a(n)
A) respondent stimulus.
B) consequence.
C) antecedent.
D) prologue.

Accepted Answer

The sound of the truck is an antecedent because it comes before the behavior of Ashley knowing that her daddy is home. It is a cue or trigger for her to expect her daddy to be home.

Question 10

A puff of air will make your eye blink every time it hits your eye.If we sound a horn before each puff of air hits your eye several times,you will soon blink to the horn alone.Thus,blinking to the horn illustrates
A) an automatic, non-learned response.
B) learning by consequences.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Blinking to the horn illustrates classical conditioning, where the unconditioned response (blinking to the air puff) becomes associated with a neutral stimulus (the sound of the horn) through repeated pairings, resulting in the conditioned response (blinking to the sound of the horn alone).

Question 11

Events that occur just after a response are called
A) antecedents.
B) precursors.
C) stimuli.
D) consequences.

Accepted Answer

Consequences are events that occur just after a response and are a direct result of that response. They can either reinforce or punish the behavior, which can affect the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future.

Question 12

In classical conditioning,the most important aspects for the learning to take place are the
A) antecedents.
B) consequences.
C) latent reflexes.
D) punishers.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the antecedents or stimuli that come before the behavior are crucial for learning to take place. Specifically, the conditioned stimulus (CS) that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus (US) must come before the US and be associated with it, for the association between the two to be learned. Consequences and punishers are more relevant to operant conditioning, where behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on their outcomes. Latent reflexes are not a key concept in either type of conditioning.

Question 13

Which of the following is based on what happens before we respond and begins with a stimulus that reliably triggers a response?
A) observational learning
B) latent learning
C) operant conditioning
D) classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a type of learning that begins with a stimulus that reliably triggers a response (such as Pavlov's dogs salivating at the sound of a bell). It focuses on the association between the stimulus and response, and how the response can be automatically triggered by the stimulus even before any learning or conditioning has occurred.

Question 14

When she hears her father at the door,three-year-old Ashley runs to the front door,where she gets a hug from her father.This hug is considered a(n)
A) antecedent.
B) precursor.
C) responding stimulus.
D) consequence.

Accepted Answer

The hug Ashley receives from her father after running to the door is considered a consequence because it follows her behavior of running to the door in response to hearing him. In behavioral terms, a consequence is something that happens immediately after a behavior, which can either reinforce or discourage the behavior.

Question 15

Regarding antecedents,consequences,and associative learning,which of the following statements is/are TRUE?
A) Antecedents occur after a response takes place.
B) Consequences are events that occur just before a response occurs.
C) Paying careful attention to the "before and after" of associative learning is a key to understanding it.
D) All of these statements are true.

Accepted Answer

Antecedents are events that occur just before a response takes place, while consequences are events that occur after a response. Therefore, option A and B are both incorrect. Option C is correct because paying attention to the sequence of events in associative learning is crucial in understanding the relationship between stimuli and responses. Option D is incorrect as statement A is false.

Question 16

Events that occur just before a response are called
A) respondent stimuli.
B) consequences.
C) antecedents.
D) prologues.

Accepted Answer

Antecedents are the events, cues, or stimuli that come before a behavior and trigger or evoke it. They are also known as triggers or discriminative stimuli. The term "respondent stimuli" refers to stimuli that elicit an automatic or reflexive response, such as salivating when presented with food. "Consequences" are the results or outcomes that follow a behavior and can influence its future occurrence. "Prologues" are introductory parts of a story or play and are not relevant to the context of behavior analysis.

Question 17

If your mouth waters each time you eat a cookie,you may learn to salivate when you merely see a cookie or a picture of cookie.Your mouth watering to the sight of a cookie illustrates
A) an automatic, non-learned response.
B) learning by consequences.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves learning associations between neutral stimuli and natural stimuli that produce reflexive responses. In this scenario, the sight of a cookie (a neutral stimulus) has become associated with the taste and smell of a cookie (the natural stimulus), resulting in a conditioned response of salivating.

Question 18

Learning that takes place through an association of stimuli is called
A) latent learning.
B) observational learning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The term "association of stimuli" is a key indicator of classical conditioning, which involves learning to associate an involuntary response with a formerly neutral stimulus. The other options - latent learning, observational learning, and operant conditioning - do not involve this type of association between stimuli.

Question 19

In which type of associative learning are the antecedents the most important aspect for the learning to take place?
A) operant conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) cognitive learning
D) instrumental learning

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the antecedents (stimulus that precede a behavior) are the most important aspect for the learning to take place. The organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a biologically significant stimulus, resulting in a conditioned response to the previously neutral stimulus.

Question 20

An automatic,unlearned response is called a(n)
A) antecedent.
B) reflex.
C) consequence.
D) reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

An automatic, unlearned response that occurs in response to a stimulus is called a reflex. Antecedent refers to the stimulus that precedes a behavior, consequence refers to the outcome or result of a behavior, and reinforcer refers to a consequence that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future.

Quiz 6: A: Conditioning and Learning

The two types of associative learning are

When three-year-old Ashley hears her father at the door,she runs to the front door to greet him and receives a hug from her father.This hug is considered a consequence that has what effect on Ashley's response of running to the door?

In classical conditioning,learning is evident when a

The blinking of your eye to a puff of air would be a good example of a(n)

In which type of learning are reflex responses are associated with new stimuli?

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are two types of __________ learning.

An antecedent stimulus that does not produce a response is linked with a stimulus that does produce the response in a type of learning known as

Classical conditioning is based on

When three-year-old Ashley hears a truck pull into the driveway,it means that Daddy is home.The sound of the truck would be a(n)

A puff of air will make your eye blink every time it hits your eye.If we sound a horn before each puff of air hits your eye several times,you will soon blink to the horn alone.Thus,blinking to the horn illustrates

Events that occur just after a response are called

In classical conditioning,the most important aspects for the learning to take place are the

Which of the following is based on what happens before we respond and begins with a stimulus that reliably triggers a response?

When she hears her father at the door,three-year-old Ashley runs to the front door,where she gets a hug from her father.This hug is considered a(n)

Regarding antecedents,consequences,and associative learning,which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

Events that occur just before a response are called

If your mouth waters each time you eat a cookie,you may learn to salivate when you merely see a cookie or a picture of cookie.Your mouth watering to the sight of a cookie illustrates

Learning that takes place through an association of stimuli is called

In which type of associative learning are the antecedents the most important aspect for the learning to take place?

An automatic,unlearned response is called a(n)