Question 1

Traditionally or typically when a child cries at bedtime, parents
A) try to comfort the child
B) scold the child

Accepted Answer

When a child cries at bedtime, it is typically a sign that they are feeling anxious or upset about something. It is important for parents to acknowledge and validate their child's feelings by trying to comfort them. Scolding the child could make them feel invalidated and increase their anxiety, making it harder for them to fall asleep.

Question 2

In the Skinner Box:
Phase 1: The electric shock turns on. The rat presses the bar and the shock goes off immediately. Phase 2: After phase 1: the electric shock turns on. The rat presses the bar, but the shock stays on.
-What is phase 1? __________
A) Negative reinforcement training (escape training)
B) Extinction
C) Positive punishment
D) Prevention procedure
E) Recovery after punishment

Accepted Answer

In phase 1, the rat is learning to escape the aversive stimulus (electric shock) by pressing the bar, which is negative reinforcement training (also known as escape training).

Note: Choice C (positive punishment) is incorrect because the rat is not receiving a punishment for any behavior. Choice B (extinction) is incorrect because there is no indication that the behavior (bar-pressing) is decreasing in frequency. Choice D (prevention procedure) and E (recovery after punishment) are also incorrect because they do not accurately describe the training taking place in phase 1.

Question 3

In the Skinner Box:
Phase 1: The electric shock turns on. The rat presses the bar and the shock goes off immediately. Phase 2: After phase 1: the electric shock turns on. The rat presses the bar, but the shock stays on.
-What is phase 2? _______________
A) Negative reinforcement training (escape training)
B) Extinction
C) Positive punishment
D) Prevention procedure
E) Recovery after punishment

Accepted Answer

In phase 2, the rat's behavior (pressing the bar) no longer results in the termination of the shock, which means the previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced, leading to a decrease in that behavior. This process is known as extinction.

Question 4

Hearing instructions is aversive for Bob. Diagram the negative reinforcement contingency, which was maintaining Bob's aggression. (Circle the correct letter in the boxes) 
A) Bob aggresses (2)
B) Bob receives instructions (1)
C) Bob doesn't receive instructions (3)
D) Bob doesn't aggress

Accepted Answer

The answer of Hearing instructions is aversive for Bob. Diagram...

Question 5

Now, diagram the extinction contingency that should reduce Bob's aggression (Carr, Newson, & Blinkoff). Circle the correct letters in the boxes below. For this question, you can use an answer more than once. A) Bob aggresses (2) B) Bob receives instructions (1) and (3) C) Bob doesn't receive instructions D) Bob doesn't aggress

Accepted Answer

The answer of Now, diagram the extinction contingency that should...

Question 6

Bob was a good example of extinction failing to get rid of severe aggression; it didn't cool out Bob. The only thing that really worked was heavy-duty drugs like the major tranquilizers Thorazine, Stelazine, and Mellaril.

Accepted Answer

Extinction, as a behavioral intervention, involves the discontinuation of reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior, aiming to reduce or eliminate that behavior over time. It does not involve the use of drugs. The effectiveness of extinction or any other behavioral intervention can vary greatly from person to person and is dependent on the specific circumstances and the correct implementation of the technique. The mention of drugs like Thorazine, Stelazine, and Mellaril refers to pharmacological interventions, which are a different approach to managing behaviors or psychiatric conditions and not a part of the extinction process.

Question 7

Which of following procedures is NOT used to decrease the frequency of reinforced behavior?
A) Positive reinforcement
B) Positive punishment
C) Extinction
D) Negative punishment

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement increases the frequency of a behavior by providing a reward or pleasant consequence. To decrease the frequency of a reinforced behavior, one would use either positive punishment (adding an unpleasant consequence to decrease behavior) or negative punishment (removing a positive consequence to decrease behavior) or extinction (withholding the reinforcement previously given to decrease the behavior).

Question 8

Mae conducted a functional analysis to determine what was maintaining Josh's behavior of running away. He ran away most often when he was provided a potato chip, toy, or attention after running away. What reinforced Josh's running away?
A) Tangibles
B) Attention
C) Self-stimulation
D) Both a & b

Accepted Answer

According to the information provided, Josh's running away is reinforced by both tangibles (potato chips and toys) and attention. Therefore, the best choice is D - both a & b.

Question 9

Jimmy's hand flapping was reinforced by
A) Tangibles
B) Attention
C) Self-stimulation
D) Both a & b

Accepted Answer

Hand flapping is a form of self-stimulation, which means that the reinforcement comes from within the individual themselves and not from external sources such as tangibles or attention. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

Question 10

Because Jimmy's hand flapping was reinforced by self-stimulation, it was impossible to extinguish

Accepted Answer

Reinforced behaviors, even those reinforced by self-stimulation, can often be modified or extinguished through various behavioral intervention strategies, such as differential reinforcement of other behaviors, extinction procedures, or alternative reinforcement.

Question 11

Laura's vomiting was reinforced by
A) Escape from stomach pressure
B) Escape from class
C) Attention from the teacher

Accepted Answer

The answer of Laura's vomiting was reinforced by
A) Escape from...

Question 12

Judy's self-injury to her face, teeth, and hand was so severe that when Mike Dorsey tried to use a mild fine-mist water spray to Judy's face every time she self-injured, he failed. The misty spray did not effectively punish the self-injury.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Judy's self-injury to her face, teeth, and...

Question 13

According to PoB, is recovery from punishment a good reason why we should not use punishment?

Accepted Answer

PoB argues that recovery from punishment is not a sufficient reason to justify the use of punishment. Instead, PoB advocates for alternative methods of addressing harmful behavior that prioritize restoration and rehabilitation rather than punishment.

Question 14

The principle of recovery from punishment states that with proper treatment people can recover from the psychological damage caused by punishment.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The principle of recovery from punishment states...

Question 15

When Charlop et al used time out whenever Lynn self-stimmed or was destructive, that behavior greatly reduced; however, when they stopped using the time out, the punished behavior increased.

Accepted Answer

This statement accurately summarizes the findings of Charlop et al's study on the use of time out as a behavior intervention for Lynn.

Question 16

Extinction is not the same thing as satiation, even though both result in a decrease in the frequency of the relevant response.

Accepted Answer

Extinction occurs when the reinforcement that used to follow a behavior is no longer provided, which leads to a decrease in the frequency of that behavior. Satiation, on the other hand, occurs when the individual has received enough of the reinforcer, and the reinforcement loses its value. This can also lead to a decrease in the frequency of the behavior. However, the underlying mechanism for both is different, and therefore not the same thing.

Question 17

How would we extinguish the escape response in the Skinner box?
a. Turn the shock on and leave it on, no matter how frantically Rudolph presses the lever.
b. Turn the shock off and leave it off, even if Rudolph stop pressing the lever and takes a nap in the corner.

Accepted Answer

The answer of How would we extinguish the escape response...

Question 18

Suppose every time you talk loudly in the library, a particular librarian rushes to your table and orders you to be quiet in a nasty, aversive way. Of course, your rate of talking decreases. But, after a few weeks the librarian is canned, and a new librarian never tells you to be quiet. Soon you are talking loudly again. This is an example of what?
A) An extinction burst
B) Negative punishment (penalty)
C) Recovery for punishment
D) Positive punishment

Accepted Answer

This scenario describes recovery for punishment, where the behavior (talking loudly) returns after the punishment (librarian's reprimand) is removed.

Question 19

If you allow an undesirable behavior to be reinforced only once in a while, it can actually occur more frequently

Accepted Answer

This is the concept of intermittent reinforcement. When a behavior is occasionally reinforced, it can actually become more persistent and resistant to extinction compared to behaviors that are consistently reinforced or never reinforced.

Question 20

In real life, extinction is easy

Accepted Answer

Extinction, in the context of species disappearing, is a complex process often resulting from a combination of factors such as habitat loss, climate change, pollution, overhunting, and competition with invasive species. It is not considered easy, as it involves significant ecological changes and losses.

Quiz 10: Extinction and Recovery

Traditionally or typically when a child cries at bedtime, parents

In the Skinner Box: Phase 1: The electric shock turns on. The rat presses the bar and the shock goes off immediately. Phase 2: After phase 1: the electric shock turns on. The rat presses the bar, but the shock stays on. -What is phase 1? __________

In the Skinner Box: Phase 1: The electric shock turns on. The rat presses the bar and the shock goes off immediately. Phase 2: After phase 1: the electric shock turns on. The rat presses the bar, but the shock stays on. -What is phase 2? _______________

Hearing instructions is aversive for Bob. Diagram the negative reinforcement contingency, which was maintaining Bob's aggression. (Circle the correct letter in the boxes)

Now, diagram the extinction contingency that should reduce Bob's aggression (Carr, Newson, & Blinkoff) . Circle the correct letters in the boxes below. For this question, you can use an answer more than once.

Bob was a good example of extinction failing to get rid of severe aggression; it didn't cool out Bob. The only thing that really worked was heavy-duty drugs like the major tranquilizers Thorazine, Stelazine, and Mellaril.

Which of following procedures is NOT used to decrease the frequency of reinforced behavior?

Mae conducted a functional analysis to determine what was maintaining Josh's behavior of running away. He ran away most often when he was provided a potato chip, toy, or attention after running away. What reinforced Josh's running away?

Jimmy's hand flapping was reinforced by