Question 1

What is the fundamental problem in the analysis of avoidance behavior,and how is this problem resolved by two-process theory?

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Question 2

What are species specific defense reactions and why is it important to consider them in avoidance and punishment situations?

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Question 3

Compare discriminated avoidance to free-operant avoidance procedures.

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Question 4

Compare the conditioned emotional response theory of punishment to the avoidance theory of punishment.Provide evidence of support for each theory.

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Question 5

How is the nature of an animal's avoidance response determined according to the species-specific defense reaction hypothesis?

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Question 6

Your new client has a fear of exams and to avoid them has been skipping class altogether.What can you do to eliminate this disruptive avoidance behavior?

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Question 7

In what ways is punishment similar to positive reinforcement; in what ways is it different?

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Question 8

Describe factors that enhance the effectiveness of punishment in suppressing behavior.

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Question 9

How can the concept of a safety signal be used to explain free-operant avoidance learning?

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Question 10

Your friend has decided to use punishment as a means of training her new puppy.What are three things she must do to ensure that the aversive stimuli she administers will quickly alter the pup's behavior?

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Question 11

Compare the safety-signal hypothesis to the two-process theory of avoidance.

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Question 12

What is the difference between active and passive avoidance? Provide an example
of each.

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Question 13

The problem with using punishment outside the laboratory to modify behavior is that
A) punishment is usually introduced at low intensities.
B) the chances of "getting caught" are usually low.
C) often a discriminated punishment procedure is used.
D) All of the answers are correct.

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Question 14

Compare and contrast discriminated and free-operant avoidance procedures.

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Question 15

Compare avoidance and escape trials.Provide an example of each from common human experience.

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Question 16

Explain how the two-process theory of avoidance accounts for the behavior that develops in avoidance training.

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Question 17

According to Premack,shock punishes lever pressing behaviors because
A) undergoing shock is a higher-valued activity than lever pressing.
B) lever pressing is a higher-valued activity than undergoing shock.
C) lever pressing and undergoing shock are equally probable behaviors.
D) None of the answers are correct.

Accepted Answer

Premack's principle states that a high-probability activity (lever pressing) can be used to reinforce a lower-probability activity (undergoing shock). Therefore, shock is a punishment for lever pressing because it decreases the likelihood of the behavior. If undergoing shock were a higher-valued activity than lever pressing, it would not serve as a punishment for lever pressing.

Quiz 10: Aversive Control: Avoidance and Punishment