Question 1

What directly causes ovulation during the menstrual cycle?

Accepted Answer

Menstrual cyclicity and regular ovulation are dependent on (1)the activity of the gonadostat (GnRH pulse generator); (2)the pituitary secretion of gonadotropins; and (3)estrogen (estradiol)-positive feedback for the preovulatory LH and FSH surges,oocyte maturation,and corpus luteum formation.

Question 2

During the time that ovulation occurs,which statement concerning basal body temperature (BBT)is true?

Accepted Answer

During the follicular phase of ovulation,the BBT fluctuates around 37° C (98° F).

Question 3

Where is the usual site of cervical dysplasia or cancer in situ?

Accepted Answer

The point at which the columnar epithelium of the cervix meets the squamous epithelium of the vagina is called the transformation zone or the squamous-columnar junction.The transformation zone is especially susceptible to the oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV),which leads to cervical dysplasia and,ultimately,cervical cancer; these are the cells sampled during a Papanicolaou (Pap)test.

Question 4

The Skene glands are located on either side of which structure?

Accepted Answer

The ducts of the Skene glands (also called the lesser vestibular or paraurethral glands)are related only to the urinary meatus.

Question 5

The mucosal secretions of the cervix secrete which immunoglobulin?

Accepted Answer

Mucosal secretions from the cervix contain enzymes and antibodies-predominantly IgA.

Question 6

Which hormone is linked to an increase in appetite during puberty?

Accepted Answer

Sensitivity to leptin,which regulates appetite and energy metabolism,increases during puberty; in theory,the adolescent consumes more calories to meet the caloric needs of the pubertal growth spurt.The percent of body fat and leptin levels in girls continue to increase,whereas muscle mass increases in boys.No apparent link exists between increased appetite during puberty and any of the other options.

Question 7

What structure in the male lies posterior to the urinary bladder?

Accepted Answer

The seminal vesicles are a pair of glands,each measuring approximately 4 to 6 cm long,which lie behind the urinary bladder and in front of the rectum.None of the other structures lie in this location.

Question 8

The absence of which major hormone is a determinant of sexual differentiation (wolffian system)in utero?

Accepted Answer

In the absence of testosterone,a loss of the wolffian system occurs and the two gonads develop into ovaries at 6 to 8 weeks' gestation.Between 6 and 7 weeks' gestation,the male embryo differentiates under the influence of TDF.The presence of estrogen is a determinating factor.None of the other options function as a major determinant to sexual differentiation in utero.

Question 9

Which anatomic structure secretes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)and luteinizing hormone (LH)?

Accepted Answer

The anterior pituitary is the gland that secretes FSH and LH.

Question 10

When do penile erections begin?

Accepted Answer

Erections begin in utero and continue throughout life,but ejaculation does not occur until sperm production begins at puberty.

Question 11

A surge of which hormone causes the corpus luteum to produce progesterone?

Accepted Answer

Luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone,the second major female sex hormone.

Question 12

What happens to the vagina's lining at puberty?

Accepted Answer

Before puberty,vaginal pH is approximately 7 (neutral)and the vaginal epithelium is thin.At puberty,the pH becomes more acidic (4 to 5)and the squamous epithelial lining thickens.Cell atrophy is not associated with puberty.

Question 13

What is the function of the mucus secreted by the Bartholin glands?

Accepted Answer

In response to sexual stimulation,the Bartholin glands secrete mucus that serves only to lubricate the inner labial surfaces,as well as to enhance the viability and motility of sperm.

Question 14

Which structure is lined with columnar epithelial cells?

Accepted Answer

Of the available options,only the endocervical canal does not have an endometrial layer; rather,the layer is lined with columnar epithelial cells.

Question 15

Which change is a result of puberty and defends the vagina from infection?

Accepted Answer

At puberty,the pH becomes more acidic (4 to 5)and the squamous epithelial lining thickens.These changes are maintained until menopause (cessation of menstruation),at which time the pH rises again to more alkaline levels and the epithelium thins out.Therefore protection from infection is greatest during the years when a woman is most likely to be sexually active.Estrogen does not play a role in infection protection.

Question 16

The initial reproductive structures of the male and female embryos appear the same until which week of gestation?

Accepted Answer

Between 6 and 7 weeks' gestation,the male embryo differentiates under the influence of testes-determining factor (TDF).In the absence of testosterone,a loss of the wolffian system occurs and the two gonads develop into ovaries at 6 to 8 weeks' gestation.

Question 17

The equivalent to the female gonad is the male:

Accepted Answer

Between 6 to 7 weeks' gestation,the male embryo will differentiate under the influence of TDF.TDF stimulates the male gonads to develop into the two testes.The ovaries,the female gonads,are the primary female reproductive organs.

Question 18

Having ejected a mature ovum,the ovarian follicle develops into a(n):

Accepted Answer

Having ejected a mature ovum,the only resulting structure is the corpus luteum.

Question 19

Which gland produces the associated hormones that are found in high levels in a female fetus?

Accepted Answer

In the female fetus,the anterior pituitary excretes high levels of two gonadotropins-FSH and LH.The other sequences are not correct.

Question 20

Where is the usual site of fertilization of an ovum?

Accepted Answer

The ampulla,or distal third,of the fallopian tube is the usual site of fertilization

Quiz 23: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems