Question 1

The decrease in which of the following cells occurs with aging, thereby reducing the sensitivity of the immune system?
A) Langerhans cells
B) Merkel cells
C) melanocytes
D) keratinocytes
E) tactile corpuscles

Accepted Answer

Langerhans cells are specialized immune cells found in the skin that play a key role in initiating an immune response against foreign invaders. However, their numbers decrease with aging, leading to a decrease in the sensitivity of the immune system. The other cells listed do not have a direct role in the immune system.

Question 2

Eyebrows and eyelashes are examples of ________ hairs.
A) vellus
B) terminal
C) intermediate
D) club
E) lanugo

Accepted Answer

Terminal hairs are thick, long, and pigmented hairs that grow on the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, and other parts of the body. Vellus hairs are short, fine, and light-colored hairs that cover most of the body. Intermediate hairs are thicker than vellus hairs but thinner than terminal hairs. Club hairs are hairs that have stopped growing and are in the resting phase, often seen in shedding periods. Lanugo hairs are fine, downy hairs that cover a fetus's body and shed around the time of birth. Eyebrows and eyelashes are made up of terminal hairs.

Question 3

In children, ________ leads to a condition called cradle cap.
A) acne
B) dandruff
C) seborrheic dermatitis
D) cerumen
E) folliculitis

Accepted Answer

Seborrheic dermatitis is a common skin condition that typically affects infants within the first 3 months of life, leading to a condition called cradle cap. It causes scaly patches on the scalp that can be yellow, greasy or crusty.

Answer: B 
 Dandruff is a similar condition that affects the scalp of older children and adults, caused by the same factors: excess oil production and an overgrowth of yeast. However, it is not typically referred to as cradle cap.

Therefore, the best choices are C or B.

Question 4

The hair matrix is a layer of ________.
A) loose connective tissue
B) apocrine glands
C) epithelium
D) sebum
E) dense connective tissue

Accepted Answer

The hair matrix is a layer of epithelium located at the base of the hair follicle, where hair growth occurs.

Question 5

Most hairs have an inner ________ and an outer cortex.
A) glassy membrane
B) cuticle
C) hair bulb
D) connective tissue sheath
E) medulla

Accepted Answer

The medulla is the innermost layer of the hair shaft and is present in most, but not all, hairs. The cortex surrounds the medulla and is responsible for the hair's strength, elasticity, and color. The cuticle is the outermost layer of the hair shaft, while the glassy membrane, hair bulb, and connective tissue sheath are all structures associated with the hair follicle.

Question 6

Sebum is produced by ________ glands.
A) sebaceous
B) eccrine
C) apocrine
D) ceruminous
E) merocrine

Accepted Answer

Sebum is a waxy substance that is secreted by sebaceous glands located in the dermis layer of the skin. These glands are found across the body except for the palms and soles of the feet. Sebum helps to moisturize the skin and hair, but excess production can lead to oily skin and acne.

Question 7

Calluses form when skin is subjected to mechanical stress, and cells in the ________ divide more rapidly.
A) stratum corneum
B) stratum spinosum
C) stratum lucidum
D) stratum granulosum
E) stratum basale

Accepted Answer

The stratum basale is the layer of skin responsible for cell division and replenishing the layers above it. When subjected to mechanical stress, such as pressure or friction, the cells in the stratum basale divide more rapidly and produce a thicker, hardened layer called a callus.

Question 8

Folliculitis is a local inflammation of ________.
A) sebaceous glands
B) sudoriferous glands
C) arrector pili
D) apocrine glands
E) merocrine glands

Accepted Answer

Folliculitis is a local inflammation of the hair follicles, which are associated with sebaceous glands.

Question 9

Arrector pili consists of ________.
A) skeletal muscle
B) loose connective tissue
C) smooth muscle
D) adipocytes
E) cardiac muscle

Accepted Answer

Arrector pili consists of smooth muscle, which is responsible for causing the hair to stand up when contracted.

Question 10

Sebaceous glands are often associated with ________.
A) nails
B) eccrine sweat glands
C) hair follicles
D) apocrine sweat glands
E) All of the answers are correct.

Accepted Answer

Sebaceous glands are always associated with hair follicles and secrete sebum, an oily substance that lubricates and protects the hair and skin.

Question 11

A scab forms during the ________ phase of skin regeneration.
A) inflammation
B) migration
C) prolferation
D) scarring
E) None of these choices are correct

Accepted Answer

During the migration phase of skin regeneration, a scab forms to protect the wound as new cells migrate to the area to heal the skin.

Question 12

The most widely distributed type of sweat gland on the body is (the)________.
A) apocrine sweat gland
B) eccrine sweat gland
C) ceruminous gland
D) myoepithelial gland
E) None of the answers are correct.

Accepted Answer

Eccrine sweat glands are the most widely distributed type of sweat gland on the body. They are located all over the body and are responsible for regulating body temperature by producing a watery secretion that cools the skin through evaporation. Apocrine sweat glands are found in certain areas of the body, such as the armpits and groin, and secrete a thicker, more odorous sweat. Ceruminous glands are found only in the ear canal and produce earwax. Myoepithelial cells are found in both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands and help to facilitate the release of sweat.

Question 13

Mammary glands are anatomically related to ________.
A) sebaceous glands
B) merocrine sweat glands
C) ceruminous glands
D) eccrine sweat glands
E) apocrine sweat glands

Accepted Answer

Mammary glands are specialized types of cutaneous glands that are classified as modified apocrine sweat glands.

Question 14

Which of the following characterizes step 4 of the regeneration of skin after an injury?
A) bleeding at the site
B) inflammatory response
C) granulation tissue formation
D) scar tissue formation
E) activity leads to collagen fiber appearance

Accepted Answer

Step 4 of skin regeneration involves the formation of scar tissue, which is the final stage of healing after an injury.

Question 15

Ceruminous glands are ________ glands.
A) oil
B) sebaceous
C) follicular
D) sudoriferous
E) milk-producing

Accepted Answer

Sudoriferous glands, also known as sweat glands, are responsible for producing sweat. Ceruminous glands are modified sweat glands found in the ear canal that produce earwax (cerumen).

Question 16

Functions of eccrine sweat glands include which combination of the following?
(1)lubricating the skin
(2)thermoregulation
(3)inhibiting the growth of microorganisms
(4)excretion of water, electrolytes, and some drugs
A) 1, 2
B) 1, 2, 3
C) 1, 3
D) 2, 3, 4
E) 4, 5

Accepted Answer

Eccrine sweat glands primarily function in thermoregulation by producing sweat that cools the body through evaporation. They also help excrete water, electrolytes, and some drugs. While they do not actively inhibit the growth of microorganisms, the slightly acidic nature of sweat can create an unfavorable environment for their growth. Lubrication of the skin is primarily performed by sebaceous glands, not eccrine sweat glands. Choice E is incorrect as there are only four functions listed, not five.

Question 17

Why is the skin capable of repair, even after serious damage?
A) Individual skin cells have a high metabolic rate.
B) Stem cells persist in both the epithelial and connective tissue components.
C) Construction of scar tissue is easier than making normal skin.
D) All layers of the skin have an excellent blood supply.
E) There are abundant fibroblasts in the epidermis.

Accepted Answer

Stem cells persist in both the epithelial and connective tissue components of the skin, allowing for repair and regeneration even after serious damage. These stem cells can differentiate into the various specialized cells needed for healing, such as keratinocytes for the epidermis or fibroblasts for the dermis.

Question 18

Sensible perspiration is a function of ________ glands.
A) eccrine
B) sebaceous
C) apocrine
D) milk-producing
E) follicular

Accepted Answer

Sensible perspiration is the type of sweat that is produced by eccrine sweat glands located all over the body. These glands are responsible for regulating the body's temperature by producing sweat that evaporates and cools the skin. Sebaceous glands produce oil, apocrine glands produce a different type of sweat in areas such as the armpits and groin, milk-producing glands are found in the breasts and follicular glands produce hair.

Question 19

The cuticle is another name for the ________ of the nail.
A) eponychium
B) lunula
C) bed
D) hyponychium
E) fold

Accepted Answer

The eponychium, also known as the proximal fold, is the thin layer of living tissue that covers the base of the nail plate and attaches it to the nail matrix. It is often referred to as the cuticle.

Question 20

Cerumen is commonly known as ________.
A) salts
B) proteins
C) earwax
D) water
E) saliva

Accepted Answer

Cerumen is the medical term for earwax, which is a yellowish substance secreted by the sebaceous glands in the ear canal. It consists of a mixture of fatty acids, cholesterol, dead skin cells, and small amounts of other substances such as alcohol and peroxides.

Quiz 4: The Integumentary System

The decrease in which of the following cells occurs with aging, thereby reducing the sensitivity of the immune system?

Eyebrows and eyelashes are examples of ________ hairs.

In children, ________ leads to a condition called cradle cap.

The hair matrix is a layer of ________.

Most hairs have an inner ________ and an outer cortex.

Sebum is produced by ________ glands.

Calluses form when skin is subjected to mechanical stress, and cells in the ________ divide more rapidly.

Folliculitis is a local inflammation of ________.

Arrector pili consists of ________.

Sebaceous glands are often associated with ________.

A scab forms during the ________ phase of skin regeneration.

The most widely distributed type of sweat gland on the body is (the) ________.

Mammary glands are anatomically related to ________.

Which of the following characterizes step 4 of the regeneration of skin after an injury?

Ceruminous glands are ________ glands.

Functions of eccrine sweat glands include which combination of the following? (1) lubricating the skin (2) thermoregulation (3) inhibiting the growth of microorganisms (4) excretion of water, electrolytes, and some drugs

Why is the skin capable of repair, even after serious damage?

Sensible perspiration is a function of ________ glands.

The cuticle is another name for the ________ of the nail.

Cerumen is commonly known as ________.