Question 1

The oxygen in the blood is most precisely carried by which of the following?
A)Neurotransmitters
B)Monocytes
C)Radioactive reagents
D)Electrical impulses
E)Hemoglobin

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin is the protein found in red blood cells that binds with oxygen molecules and carries them throughout the body.

Question 2

The more severe the accident leading to TBI, the:
A)Longer the expected period of unconsciousness
B)Poorer the chance of a good recovery
C)Greater the memory disturbance
D)Worse the prognosis
E)All of these

Accepted Answer

The severity of the accident leading to TBI is directly related to the expected period of unconsciousness, chance of a good recovery, memory disturbance, and prognosis. Therefore, all of the choices (A, B, C, and D) are correct.

Question 3

The first functional neuroimaging method developed that relies on the assumption that brain activity can be measured indirectly through its metabolism is:
A)fMRI
B)PET
C)MEG
D)CT
E)EEG

Accepted Answer

PET (positron emission tomography) is the first functional neuroimaging method developed that relies on the assumption that brain activity can be measured indirectly through its metabolism. It involves the injection of a radioactive tracer into the bloodstream, which is taken up into the active neurons and emits positron particles that can be detected by scanners. The resulting images show areas of the brain that are activated during different tasks.

Question 4

Event-related potentials typically can be extracted by doing which of the following?
A)Taking a blood sample
B)Looking at the power of different frequency bands during a task
C)Averaging over many repetitions of the same cognitive activity
D)Brain surgery to remove the ERPs
E)Injecting a tracer

Accepted Answer

Event-related potentials (ERPs) are extracted by averaging over many repetitions of the same cognitive activity. This allows for the identification of the time-locked electrical activity in the brain that is associated with a specific cognitive process or stimulus. ERPs are not extracted through blood samples, frequency band analysis, brain surgery, or tracer injections.

Question 5

LTP and LTD are two potential mechanisms of:
A)Neuroimaging
B)Learning
C)Genotyping
D)Binocular rivalry
E)Standardized testing of intelligence

Accepted Answer

LTP (long-term potentiation) and LTD (long-term depression) are two potential mechanisms of learning, specifically related to synaptic plasticity and the strengthening or weakening of connections between neurons.

Question 6

After acquiring a statistical representation of brain activity when a person is looking at a car, a researcher might try to detect whether a participant is thinking of a car, through the use of a(n):
A)Pattern classifier
B)Cochlear implant
C)Multi-volume posterior assumption
D)Artifact rejection procedure
E)Vocoder

Accepted Answer

A pattern classifier would be the best choice in this scenario as it can be trained on the statistical representation of brain activity when a person is looking at a car and then used to detect whether a participant is thinking of a car based on their brain activity patterns. The other options, such as a cochlear implant, multi-volume posterior assumption, artifact rejection procedure, and vocoder, are not relevant to detecting car-related thoughts based on brain activity patterns.

Question 7

The process of carrying out a large set of experiments focused on addressing the same theoretical question, but using different methods and participant groups is called:
A)Exact replication
B)Divergence
C)Converging operations
D)Bootstrapping
E)Default mode

Accepted Answer

The process described is known as converging operations, which involves using multiple methods and participant groups to investigate a theoretical question. This approach helps to increase the validity of the results by confirming the findings across multiple studies using different approaches. Option A (exact replication) refers to repeating the same experiment exactly as it was originally done, and options B, D, and E are not relevant to the described process.

Question 8

Finding an appropriate cognitive baseline condition is particularly crucial in which of the following basic fMRI procedure?
A)Inception
B)Tractography
C)Granger causality
D)Effective connectivity
E)Subtraction method

Accepted Answer

The subtraction method involves comparing brain activity during a task to a baseline condition, so finding an appropriate cognitive baseline condition is crucial to accurately interpret the results. Inception, tractography, Granger causality, and effective connectivity do not involve a baseline condition.

Question 9

Relative to ERP, MEG is:
A)More expensive
B)Less subject to distortion from the skull
C)Able to potentially offer better spatial localization
D)More sensitive to activity in the sulci
E)All of these

Accepted Answer

MEG is more expensive than ERP, but it is less subject to distortion from the skull and able to potentially offer better spatial localization. Additionally, MEG is more sensitive to activity in the sulci compared to ERP.

Question 10

An attempt to use fMRI as a lie detector in an actual court case resulted in the following conclusion:
A)It should not be accepted as evidence in court pending further study
B)The method had not gained widespread acceptance among scientists
C)The method's real-world accuracy had yet to be assessed
D)The method's real-world validity had yet to be assessed
E)All of these

Accepted Answer

All of the options are correct. The attempt to use fMRI as a lie detector in a court case resulted in the conclusion that it should not be accepted as evidence in court pending further study. This is because the method had not gained widespread acceptance among scientists and its real-world accuracy and validity had yet to be assessed.

Question 11

EEG involves recording which of the following across the scalp?
A)Neurotransmitter release
B)Fluctuating voltages
C)Changes in the oxygenation of blood
D)Structural bone density
E)Tiny magnetic fields generated by groups of neurons and picked up by SQUIDs

Accepted Answer

EEG involves recording the fluctuating voltages across the scalp.

Question 12

Using implanted electrodes to invasively record directly from the brain of patients is limited to brain regions directly relevant to:
A)The medial temporal lobe
B)Memory regions
C)Clinical treatment
D)Theoretical interest of basic research
E)The surface of the brain

Accepted Answer

Implanted electrodes for direct brain recording are primarily used in regions relevant to clinical treatment, especially for conditions like epilepsy, where precise localization of epileptogenic zones is crucial for surgical intervention. This method is not limited to any specific brain region but is applied based on the clinical need and relevance to the patient's treatment.

Question 13

Currently, the best temporal resolution of ERP and MEG is on the order of:
A)Milliseconds
B)Seconds
C)Minutes
D)Picoseconds
E)Hours

Accepted Answer

The best temporal resolution of ERP and MEG is on the order of milliseconds, making option A the correct choice. This means that these methods have a high temporal resolution, allowing for precise measurement of brain activity on a millisecond timescale.

Question 14

MRI can distinguish various structures in the brain (e.g. white matter from gray matter)by doing which of the following?
A)Staining the cells differently
B)Implanting electrodes at different depths
C)Directing ionizing radiation at the brain from different angles
D)Varying the frequency of the radio pulse
E)Observing infrared reflectance

Accepted Answer

MRI uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to generate images of the brain. By varying the frequency of the radio pulse, different structures in the brain can be distinguished based on their different magnetic properties. Staining, electrodes, ionizing radiation, and infrared reflectance are not used in MRI.

Question 15

MVPA stands for which of the following?
A)Multi-view photon array
B)Multi-voxel pattern analysis
C)Myelin vector product arrangement
D)Minute vacillation prototype analysis
E)Measured vasopressin accumulation

Accepted Answer

MVPA stands for multi-voxel pattern analysis, which is a method used in neuroscience and psychology to analyze patterns of neural activity across multiple voxels in brain imaging data.

Question 16

The systematic decrease in a learned response after repeated presentations of a stimulus is most accurately termed:
A)Reward
B)Sensitization
C)Extinction
D)Habituation
E)Punishment

Accepted Answer

Habituation is the process where an organism reduces its response to a stimulus after being exposed to it multiple times without any change in stimulus intensity.

Question 17

Delivering TMS via which procedure has been known to lead to a temporary "lesion" lasting many minutes?
A)Repetitive
B)Single pulse
C)Radioactive tracing
D)Deep-brain stimulation
E)Intravenous drugs

Accepted Answer

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) can lead to temporary changes in brain activity that mimic the effects of a lesion, lasting for several minutes after the procedure. This is due to the repetitive nature of the stimulation affecting neural activity.

Question 18

An especially powerful way of ruling out the possibility that a deficit in one task represents a simple disparity in difficulty with another task, for which performance is preserved, is the:
A)Occam's razor
B)Case study
C)Single dissociation
D)Double dissociation
E)Counterfactual

Accepted Answer

Double dissociation involves demonstrating that two tasks have different patterns of impairment in two different patient groups. This provides strong evidence that the deficits are not simply due to general differences in task difficulty, but instead reflect distinct cognitive processes.

Question 19

Which approach is particularly well suited to providing a clinical overview of a condition, but may yield ambiguous answers to theoretical questions about particular processes if the condition is relatively nonspecific?
A)Randomized clinical trial
B)Computer modeling
C)Selective lesioning
D)Group study
E)Transcranial-magnetic stimulation

Accepted Answer

A group study is particularly well suited for providing a clinical overview of a condition, as it allows a broad range of individuals with the condition to be studied. However, if the condition is relatively nonspecific, theoretical questions about particular processes may yield ambiguous answers because the group may not be homogenous enough to draw clear conclusions. Randomized clinical trials are typically used to compare the efficacy of different treatments, computer modeling is used to simulate complex scenarios, selective lesioning involves deliberate damage to a specific part of the brain to observe changes in behavior, and transcranial magnetic stimulation involves applying magnetic fields to the brain to stimulate or suppress activity in specific regions.

Question 20

Rotating an X-ray detector around a person's head to form a three-dimensional representation of their brain is an example of:
A)Intracranial cellular recording
B)Magnetic resonance imaging
C)Electrocardiography
D)Electroencephalography
E)Computerized tomography

Accepted Answer

Rotating an X-ray detector around a person's head to form a three-dimensional representation of their brain is an example of computerized tomography (CT scan). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) also provides three-dimensional images of the brain, but it uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves, not X-rays, to generate images. Intracranial cellular recording, electrocardiography, and electroencephalography are not involved in this imaging technique.

Quiz 2: Memory and the Brain

The oxygen in the blood is most precisely carried by which of the following?

The more severe the accident leading to TBI, the:

The first functional neuroimaging method developed that relies on the assumption that brain activity can be measured indirectly through its metabolism is:

Event-related potentials typically can be extracted by doing which of the following?

LTP and LTD are two potential mechanisms of:

After acquiring a statistical representation of brain activity when a person is looking at a car, a researcher might try to detect whether a participant is thinking of a car, through the use of a(n) :

The process of carrying out a large set of experiments focused on addressing the same theoretical question, but using different methods and participant groups is called:

Finding an appropriate cognitive baseline condition is particularly crucial in which of the following basic fMRI procedure?

Relative to ERP, MEG is:

An attempt to use fMRI as a lie detector in an actual court case resulted in the following conclusion:

EEG involves recording which of the following across the scalp?

Using implanted electrodes to invasively record directly from the brain of patients is limited to brain regions directly relevant to:

Currently, the best temporal resolution of ERP and MEG is on the order of:

MRI can distinguish various structures in the brain (e.g. white matter from gray matter) by doing which of the following?

MVPA stands for which of the following?

The systematic decrease in a learned response after repeated presentations of a stimulus is most accurately termed:

Delivering TMS via which procedure has been known to lead to a temporary "lesion" lasting many minutes?

An especially powerful way of ruling out the possibility that a deficit in one task represents a simple disparity in difficulty with another task, for which performance is preserved, is the:

Which approach is particularly well suited to providing a clinical overview of a condition, but may yield ambiguous answers to theoretical questions about particular processes if the condition is relatively nonspecific?

Rotating an X-ray detector around a person's head to form a three-dimensional representation of their brain is an example of: