Deck 2: Memory and the Brain

Question 1

The oxygen in the blood is most precisely carried by which of the following?
(A)Neurotransmitters
(B)Monocytes
(C)Radioactive reagents
(D)Electrical impulses
(E)Hemoglobin

Answer 1

E

Question 2

The more severe the accident leading to TBI, the:
(A)Longer the expected period of unconsciousness
(B)Poorer the chance of a good recovery
(C)Greater the memory disturbance
(D)Worse the prognosis
(E)All of these

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The first functional neuroimaging method developed that relies on the assumption that brain activity can be measured indirectly through its metabolism is:
(A)fMRI
(B)PET
(C)MEG
(D)CT
(E)EEG

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Event-related potentials typically can be extracted by doing which of the following?
(A)Taking a blood sample
(B)Looking at the power of different frequency bands during a task
(C)Averaging over many repetitions of the same cognitive activity
(D)Brain surgery to remove the ERPs
(E)Injecting a tracer

Question 5

LTP and LTD are two potential mechanisms of:
(A)Neuroimaging
(B)Learning
(C)Genotyping
(D)Binocular rivalry
(E)Standardized testing of intelligence

Question 6

After acquiring a statistical representation of brain activity when a person is looking at a car, a researcher might try to detect whether a participant is thinking of a car, through the use of a(n):
(A)Pattern classifier
(B)Cochlear implant
(C)Multi-volume posterior assumption
(D)Artifact rejection procedure
(E)Vocoder

Question 7

The process of carrying out a large set of experiments focused on addressing the same theoretical question, but using different methods and participant groups is called:
(A)Exact replication
(B)Divergence
(C)Converging operations
(D)Bootstrapping
(E)Default mode

Question 8

Finding an appropriate cognitive baseline condition is particularly crucial in which of the following basic fMRI procedure?
(A)Inception
(B)Tractography
(C)Granger causality
(D)Effective connectivity
(E)Subtraction method

Question 9

Relative to ERP, MEG is:
(A)More expensive
(B)Less subject to distortion from the skull
(C)Able to potentially offer better spatial localization
(D)More sensitive to activity in the sulci
(E)All of these

Question 10

An attempt to use fMRI as a lie detector in an actual court case resulted in the following conclusion:
(A)It should not be accepted as evidence in court pending further study
(B)The method had not gained widespread acceptance among scientists
(C)The method's real-world accuracy had yet to be assessed
(D)The method's real-world validity had yet to be assessed
(E)All of these

Question 11

EEG involves recording which of the following across the scalp?
(A)Neurotransmitter release
(B)Fluctuating voltages
(C)Changes in the oxygenation of blood
(D)Structural bone density
(E)Tiny magnetic fields generated by groups of neurons and picked up by SQUIDs

Question 12

Using implanted electrodes to invasively record directly from the brain of patients is limited to brain regions directly relevant to:
(A)The medial temporal lobe
(B)Memory regions
(C)Clinical treatment
(D)Theoretical interest of basic research
(E)The surface of the brain

Question 13

Currently, the best temporal resolution of ERP and MEG is on the order of:
(A)Milliseconds
(B)Seconds
(C)Minutes
(D)Picoseconds
(E)Hours

Question 14

MRI can distinguish various structures in the brain (e.g. white matter from gray matter)by doing which of the following?
(A)Staining the cells differently
(B)Implanting electrodes at different depths
(C)Directing ionizing radiation at the brain from different angles
(D)Varying the frequency of the radio pulse
(E)Observing infrared reflectance

Question 15

MVPA stands for which of the following?
(A)Multi-view photon array
(B)Multi-voxel pattern analysis
(C)Myelin vector product arrangement
(D)Minute vacillation prototype analysis
(E)Measured vasopressin accumulation

Question 16

The systematic decrease in a learned response after repeated presentations of a stimulus is most accurately termed:
(A)Reward
(B)Sensitization
(C)Extinction
(D)Habituation
(E)Punishment

Question 17

Delivering TMS via which procedure has been known to lead to a temporary "lesion" lasting many minutes?
(A)Repetitive
(B)Single pulse
(C)Radioactive tracing
(D)Deep-brain stimulation
(E)Intravenous drugs

Question 18

An especially powerful way of ruling out the possibility that a deficit in one task represents a simple disparity in difficulty with another task, for which performance is preserved, is the:
(A)Occam's razor
(B)Case study
(C)Single dissociation
(D)Double dissociation
(E)Counterfactual

Question 19

Which approach is particularly well suited to providing a clinical overview of a condition, but may yield ambiguous answers to theoretical questions about particular processes if the condition is relatively nonspecific?
(A)Randomized clinical trial
(B)Computer modeling
(C)Selective lesioning
(D)Group study
(E)Transcranial-magnetic stimulation

Question 20

Rotating an X-ray detector around a person's head to form a three-dimensional representation of their brain is an example of:
(A)Intracranial cellular recording
(B)Magnetic resonance imaging
(C)Electrocardiography
(D)Electroencephalography
(E)Computerized tomography

Question 21

Which two researchers are credited with discovering the structure of DNA?
(A)Baddeley and Hitch
(B)Watson and Crick
(C)Eric Kandel and Donald Hebb
(D)Rescorla and Wagner
(E)Darwin and Sir Francis Galton

Question 22

Epigenetics refers most accurately to:
(A)The study of gene-environment interaction
(B)The development of genetic hybrid animal models
(C)The historical analysis of the eugenics movement
(D)The development of artificial intelligence
(E)Simple Mendelian inheritance

Question 23

Down syndrome can be described as sporadic in that:
(A)There's no evidence it runs in families
(B)It reflects chromosomal abnormalities
(C)It typically resolves by the seventh year of age
(D)It tends to arise every other generation in families
(E)It is wholly independent of genetic factors