Question 1

Which category do children usually learn first?
A) superordinate
B) subordinate
C) basic
D) supersubordinate

Accepted Answer

Children usually learn basic categories first, which are the most general and encompassing categories. For example, they may learn the word "dog" before "poodle" or "German Shepherd."

Question 2

Children's psychological understanding begins to emerge by about what age?
A) 1 year
B) 3 years
C) 5 years
D) 10 years

Accepted Answer

The answer of Children's psychological understanding begins to emerge by...

Question 3

Which group is made up of members of the same perceptual category?
A) lizard, kangaroo, salmon
B) mat, hat, cat
C) sofa, grandfather clock, table
D) iPad, picture frame, book

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which group is made up of members...

Question 4

Which statement BEST characterizes the findings of cross-cultural research on children's understanding of false beliefs?
A) The pattern of development is very consistent across cultures.
B) Children in Western cultures develop the understanding earlier than do children in Eastern cultures.
C) Children in Western cultures develop the understanding later than do children in Eastern cultures.
D) Children in developed countries develop the understanding earlier than do children in developing countries.

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural research has shown that the developmental pattern of understanding false beliefs is quite consistent across different cultures, indicating that this aspect of cognitive development is universal rather than culture-specific.

Question 5

Wesley and his mother are focusing intentionally on the same reference. What is occurring?
A) understanding intention
B) a sense of self
C) joint attention
D) intersubjectivity

Accepted Answer

Joint attention is the ability to share attention with another person towards an object, event, or situation. It involves individuals intentionally focusing on the same thing and can promote communication and social interaction. In this scenario, Wesley and his mother are both intentionally focused on the same reference, indicating joint attention.

Question 6

Which list is an example of a category hierarchy?
A) people/grown-ups/Mommy
B) men/Daddy/Grandpa
C) people/plants/animals
D) people/Daddy/firemen

Accepted Answer

This list shows a category hierarchy where "people" is the main category, followed by a sub-category "grown-ups," and then a sub-sub-category "Mommy." The options B, C, and D do not follow a proper category hierarchy.

Question 7

Tina, a 3-year-old, is shown a Cheerios box and then shown that it contains marbles. If asked what her friend Mark will think on seeing the box for the first time, Tina will MOST likely say that Mark will think it contains
A) Cheerios.
B) marbles.
C) Raisin Bran.
D) beads.

Accepted Answer

At the age of 3, children typically have not yet developed a mature theory of mind, which means they may not understand that others can have beliefs different from their own. Therefore, Tina is likely to think that Mark will also believe the box contains marbles, as she does.

Question 8

Which statement would be considered evidence that an infant has formed the category "furniture"?
A) The infant habituates after repeatedly being shown pictures of tables.
B) After repeatedly being shown pictures of tables, the infant dishabituates to a picture of a sofa.
C) After repeatedly being shown pictures of tables, chairs, sofas, dressers, and grandfather clocks, the infant dishabituates to a picture of a car.
D) After repeatedly being shown pictures of tables, chairs, sofas, dressers, and grandfather clocks, the infant does not dishabituate to a picture of a car.

Accepted Answer

Dishabituation occurs when a stimulus that has previously become familiar (habituating stimulus) is changed in some way, such as by presenting a new stimulus. If the infant dishabituates to a picture of a car after being shown pictures of furniture, it suggests that they have categorized the previously presented pictures as "furniture" and are surprised or interested by the new stimulus that does not fit into that category. Option A and D do not provide evidence of the formation of the "furniture" category, while option B suggests that the infant has formed a category specific to tables only. Option C provides evidence that the infant has formed a broader category of "furniture" that includes tables, chairs, sofas, dressers, and grandfather clocks, and can distinguish between that category and non-furniture items such as cars.

Question 9

The parents of Elizabeth, a 2-year-old, are trying to teach her what hammers are. Which action would be MOST likely to help her learn this new category?
A) describing what hammers look like
B) showing her a nail
C) demonstrating what hammers do
D) showing her a range of atypical hammers

Accepted Answer

Demonstrating what hammers do is the most effective way to help Elizabeth learn what hammers are, as it allows her to make the connection between the object (hammer) and its function (driving nails). Describing what hammers look like (A) may not be as effective in helping her understand what they are used for. Showing her a nail (B) is not specifically related to hammers, and may not help her associate the object with its function. Showing her a range of atypical hammers (D) may only confuse Elizabeth and hinder her ability to understand what a hammer is.

Question 10

A structured understanding of how desires, beliefs, perceptions, and emotions influence behavior is referred to as a theory of
A) mind.
B) behavior.
C) thought.
D) psychology.

Accepted Answer

A theory of mind refers to an individual's understanding of how desires, beliefs, perceptions, and emotions can influence behavior, and how others might perceive and understand behavior based on these factors. It is a concept commonly used in psychology to explain social cognition and behavior.

Question 11

Aidan, a 4-year-old child, is told a story about a girl who wants to grow to be taller than her daddy, but she is still a young girl. When asked if the girl will get her wish, Aidan is MOST likely to
A) predict that she will get her wish.
B) predict that she will not get her wish.
C) say that if her mom and dad are both tall, she will be tall too.
D) be confused by this false belief.

Accepted Answer

Aidan is still developing his theory of mind, which means he may not fully understand that the girl in the story cannot grow taller than her father. Since children at his age struggle with understanding false beliefs, he is most likely to predict that she will not get her wish.

Question 12

Research demonstrating infants' habituation to a constant pattern was concerned with their knowledge of
A) future events timing.
B) temporal order.
C) event duration.
D) event duration ratios.

Accepted Answer

Research on infants' habituation to a constant pattern primarily explores their understanding of temporal order, which is how they perceive the sequence of events or stimuli over time.

Question 13

When 3-year-old children are presented with the categories of people, caterpillars, and chimpanzees, and asked which two are most similar, research indicates that they will MOST likely choose
A) people and caterpillars.
B) people and chimpanzees.
C) caterpillars and chimpanzees.
D) any of the three possible pairs with equal likelihood.

Accepted Answer

Research in developmental psychology suggests that even at a young age, children are able to categorize living beings based on their similarities. In this case, children are likely to recognize that people and chimpanzees are more similar to each other than either is to caterpillars, due to both being primates and sharing more physical and behavioral traits.

Question 14

Children typically succeed on false-belief problems by the age of _____ years.
A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 8

Accepted Answer

Research shows that the majority of children succeed on false-belief problems by around the age of 5. This is an important milestone in theory of mind development and suggests that children are able to understand that others can have beliefs that differ from reality.

Question 15

Which category would be considered by researchers to be a child-created basic category that is likely to disappear as the child matures?
A) objects with wheels
B) food
C) objects that make you cool
D) places we go

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which category would be considered by researchers...

Question 16

Children tend to engage in pretend play, at least occasionally, until approximately what age?
A) 3 years
B) 6 years
C) 9 years
D) 12 years

Accepted Answer

The answer of Children tend to engage in pretend play,...

Question 17

Amanda has autism spectrum disorder. She is NOT likely to have trouble with
A) showing concern for people when they are distressed.
B) interacting with other people.
C) false-belief problems.
D) spending time by herself.

Accepted Answer

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder often have difficulties with social interactions (B) and understanding others' perspectives or false-belief problems (C), but they typically do not have trouble spending time by themselves (D). They might actually prefer it over social interactions. Concern for others (A) can vary widely among individuals with autism.

Question 18

Trains, boats, and buses are members of the same _____ category.
A) causal
B) subordinate
C) superordinate
D) perceptual

Accepted Answer

Trains, boats, and buses are all modes of transportation that fall under the superordinate category of "public transportation".

Question 19

Cases where adults who were born blind and have surgery to restore sight have provided evidence that
A) self-locomotion, even without visual input, is sufficient for perfect development of the ability to mentally represent space.
B) the stream of visual information that accompanies self-locomotion is important for an individual's current sense of space only.
C) early visual experience is important for full development of the ability to mentally represent space.
D) individuals who are blind are better able to mentally represent space than those with normal vision.

Accepted Answer

Studies with adults born blind who have had their sight restored have shown that they have difficulty interpreting and using visual information to mentally represent space. This suggests that early visual experience is important for the full development of the ability to mentally represent space. Option A is incorrect because it assumes that self-locomotion alone is sufficient for perfect development of the ability to mentally represent space, which is not supported by the evidence. Option B is incorrect because it assumes that the stream of visual information accompanying self-locomotion is important only for an individual's current sense of space, which does not take into account the long-term effects of early visual experience. Option D is incorrect because it suggests that individuals who are blind are better able to mentally represent space than those with normal vision, which is not supported by the evidence.

Question 20

The debate between nativists and empiricists reflects what fundamental, unresolved question about human nature?
A) Do children shape their own concepts, or are they passive recipients of the concepts taught to them by others?
B) Do children form all concepts through the same mechanisms, or do they possess special mechanisms for forming a few particularly important concepts?
C) In what ways is concept development continuous, and in what ways is it discontinuous?
D) Do all children learn concepts in the same manner, or does the sociocultural context matter?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The debate between nativists and empiricists reflects...

Quiz 7: Conceptual Development

Which category do children usually learn first?

Children's psychological understanding begins to emerge by about what age?

Which group is made up of members of the same perceptual category?

Which statement BEST characterizes the findings of cross-cultural research on children's understanding of false beliefs?

Wesley and his mother are focusing intentionally on the same reference. What is occurring?

Which list is an example of a category hierarchy?

Tina, a 3-year-old, is shown a Cheerios box and then shown that it contains marbles. If asked what her friend Mark will think on seeing the box for the first time, Tina will MOST likely say that Mark will think it contains

Which statement would be considered evidence that an infant has formed the category "furniture"?

The parents of Elizabeth, a 2-year-old, are trying to teach her what hammers are. Which action would be MOST likely to help her learn this new category?

A structured understanding of how desires, beliefs, perceptions, and emotions influence behavior is referred to as a theory of

Aidan, a 4-year-old child, is told a story about a girl who wants to grow to be taller than her daddy, but she is still a young girl. When asked if the girl will get her wish, Aidan is MOST likely to

Research demonstrating infants' habituation to a constant pattern was concerned with their knowledge of

When 3-year-old children are presented with the categories of people, caterpillars, and chimpanzees, and asked which two are most similar, research indicates that they will MOST likely choose

Children typically succeed on false-belief problems by the age of _____ years.

Which category would be considered by researchers to be a child-created basic category that is likely to disappear as the child matures?

Children tend to engage in pretend play, at least occasionally, until approximately what age?

Amanda has autism spectrum disorder. She is NOT likely to have trouble with

Trains, boats, and buses are members of the same _____ category.

Cases where adults who were born blind and have surgery to restore sight have provided evidence that

The debate between nativists and empiricists reflects what fundamental, unresolved question about human nature?