Question 1

Experience shapes preference for

Accepted Answer

B

Question 2

When two segments always move together in the same direction and at the same speed, _____ has occurred.

Accepted Answer

When two segments always move together in the same direction and at the same speed, it is known as common movement. The other options, common texture and knowledge about the world, are not relevant to the given scenario.

Question 3

At the age of 2 months, infants exhibit

Accepted Answer

At the age of 2 months, infants exhibit pre-reaching movements which are the beginning of coordinated reaching. They are not yet able to grasp objects, but they make movements in the direction of the target. Stable reaching develops around 4-6 months of age. Poorly controlled reaching and continuation of reflexes are not accurate descriptions of a 2-month-old's motor development.

Question 4

Regarding infants' perception of pictures, infants do NOT

Accepted Answer

The answer of Regarding infants' perception of pictures, infants do...

Question 5

These early researchers concluded that infants' motor development was governed by brain maturation.

Accepted Answer

Arnold Gesell and Myrtle McGraw were early researchers in the field of child development and their work focused on studying infants' motor development. They believed that motor development was primarily governed by brain maturation, which is a viewpoint that aligns with the biological perspective of development. Piaget and Erikson were more focused on cognitive and psychosocial development, respectively. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory of motivation, not child development. Ainsworth is known for her work on attachment theory, which is also unrelated to infant motor development.

Question 6

Rebecca suffers from strabismus and as an adult experiences pervasive challenges in binocular vision. By what age could she have received treatment that would have been effective in treating the disorder?

Accepted Answer

Treatment for strabismus is most effective if started before the age of 3 years old. At this age, the brain is still developing and can adapt to changes in binocular vision. Since Rebecca is an adult and experiences pervasive challenges in binocular vision, it is likely that she did not receive effective treatment at a younger age.

Question 7

This is a reward that reliably follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement is a reward that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. It involves adding a desirable stimulus, such as praise or a treat, after the desired behavior has occurred. Negative reinforcement also increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, but it involves removing an aversive stimulus after the desired behavior has occurred. Positive punishment involves adding an aversive stimulus after an undesired behavior, and negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus after an undesired behavior.

Question 8

Which factor is involved in active learning?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which factor is involved in active learning?
...

Question 9

Samantha is watching a children's television program and tries to pass an object to the character through the screen. She is demonstrating a _____ error.

Accepted Answer

The error Samantha is demonstrating is a media error, as she is not understanding the concept that the characters on the television program are not real and therefore cannot interact with objects outside of the screen.

Question 10

Four-month-old infants respond more to a film _____ than to a film _____.

Accepted Answer

Infants are more engaged by audiovisual congruence, meaning they respond more to stimuli where the visual and auditory components match. This is because their sensory integration skills are developing, and matching sights and sounds help them make sense of their environment.

Question 11

Cousins Bailey, Sofia, and Zola are playing at an indoor baby gym. Bailey has recently begun to crawl, Sofia has been crawling for a while, and Zola has recently begun to walk. The three cousins' attention is suddenly grabbed by the pleasing sounds of a familiar toy that has rolled down a too-steep incline. Which cousin is likely to attempt to go down the incline?

Accepted Answer

Bailey and Zola are the two cousins who are at a stage where they are exploring movement and crawling or walking. Sofia, who has been crawling for a while, may be less interested in attempting to go down the incline as she has already mastered crawling and may be more interested in exploring other activities. Therefore, choice C, Bailey and Zola, are the cousins who are most likely to attempt to go down the incline.

Question 12

When an infant looks longer at one of two stimuli presented side by side, researchers can infer that the infant

Accepted Answer

Infants have limited communication abilities, but their looking behavior can be used as a measure of their preferences and perceptual discrimination abilities. When they look longer at one of two stimuli presented side-by-side, researchers infer that the infant can discriminate between the stimuli and prefers the stimulus they are looking at for a longer period of time. Therefore, the correct answer is D - the infant can discriminate between the stimuli and prefers that stimulus.

Question 13

The study in which infants were first presented with a cube in multiple locations and then were presented with the same cube and a larger cube that was placed farther away demonstrated that infants

Accepted Answer

The study demonstrated that infants perceived the multiple presentations of the original cube as a single object, suggesting that they have the ability to track object continuity and recognize that the same object can appear in different locations.

Question 14

Changes in the ability to perceive differences in stimuli that happen with experience are referred to as

Accepted Answer

Perceptual narrowing refers to the phenomenon where, with experience, individuals become more attuned to certain stimuli that are relevant to their environment and culture, and less able to perceive differences in other stimuli. It is a normal developmental process in infants and young children, but can also occur in adults. Sensory decay, perceptual decline, and sensory contraction are not the appropriate terms to describe changes in the ability to perceive differences in stimuli due to experience.

Question 15

In terms of perceptual and motor development, which statement is NOT a reason as to why infancy is such an important time?

Accepted Answer

The statement that the methods used to investigate infants' development in perception, action, learning, and cognition are similar to methods used to study older children is actually a reason as to why infancy is an important time. Therefore, choice C is the statement that is NOT a reason. Choices A, B, and D all highlight reasons why infancy is such an important time for perceptual and motor development.

Question 16

Which statement about the development of reaching is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

Vision is not strictly necessary for accurate reaching, as infants can reach for objects even without visual guidance, relying on other senses and proprioceptive feedback.

Question 17

Charlie is 3 months old and consistently swipes clumsily toward the general area of objects he sees. He is engaged in

Accepted Answer

Pre-reaching movements are the swipes that infants make toward objects they see but are not yet able to grasp or reach for. This is a normal developmental milestone at 3 months old. Self-locomotion refers to the ability to move oneself around, such as crawling or walking, which Charlie is not yet doing. Gross motor skills refer to larger movements like sitting up or rolling over, which Charlie is also not yet doing. Reflexive movements are automatic responses to stimuli, such as the Moro reflex, which is not what Charlie is exhibiting.

Question 18

The use of diapers may _____ development.

Accepted Answer

Wearing a diaper can hinder motor skill development as it reduces the opportunity for infants to explore their own body and for the sensory feedback from their own body movements. Infants who wear cloth diapers or are diaper-free may have greater opportunities to move their bodies and develop their motor skills. While diapers do promote hygiene and prevent discomfort from wetness, they do not have any direct impact on perceptual development.

Question 19

The preferential-looking method enables researchers to assess

Accepted Answer

The preferential-looking method is commonly used to measure visual acuity in infants and young children who are unable to provide verbal responses. By presenting two stimuli simultaneously, one with higher spatial frequency (finer detail) and one with lower spatial frequency, researchers can determine which stimulus the infant or child looks at preferentially, which is attributed to their ability to differentiate the finer details of the higher spatial frequency stimulus.

Question 20

Research by Baillargeon in which 4½-month-old infants were shown a screen that apparently rotated through a box and a screen that rotated up and stopped at the top of the box demonstrated that infants

Accepted Answer

Infants looked longer at the impossible event (screen rotating 180 degrees through the box), indicating they were surprised by the violation of their expectation that the box should stop the screen.

Quiz 5: Perception, Action, and Learning in Infancy