Question 1

In a reversal-replication design, two replications of each phase are necessary to draw a valid conclusion.

Accepted Answer

A reversal-replication design typically involves at least one replication of each phase to demonstrate the effect of the independent variable, but two replications are not strictly necessary for a valid conclusion.

Question 2

Another name for a multi-element design is____________ design.
A)alternating-treatments
B)multiple-baseline
C)reversal-replication
D)changing-criterion

Accepted Answer

The alternating-treatments design, also known as a multi-element design, involves rapidly alternating conditions to assess their effects on the behavior of interest, allowing for direct comparison of different treatments or interventions.

Question 3

It is not acceptable to include agreement on blank intervals in computing an IOR when one is interested in decreasing a behavior and having agreement that the behavior did not occur.

Accepted Answer

Including agreement on blank intervals (intervals where the behavior did not occur) is acceptable and often encouraged in computing Interobserver Reliability (IOR) when interested in decreasing a behavior. This is because it ensures that observers are consistently identifying the absence of the behavior, which is just as important as identifying its occurrence for accurate measurement and analysis.

Question 4

In a multi-element design, two separate treatments are applied to the behavior in:
A)a reversal-replication sequence
B)sequential order
C)randomly alternating sessions
D)a single session

Accepted Answer

In a multi-element design, two separate treatments are applied to the behavior in randomly alternating sessions. This allows for the comparison of the effects of different interventions on the same behavior within the same phase of the study.

Question 5

A baseline phase should continue until the pattern of performance is stable or until it shows a trend in the direction opposite to that predicted for treatment.

Accepted Answer

This is correct according to the principles of applied behavior analysis. The purpose of a baseline phase is to establish a stable pattern of behavior before treatment is introduced. This can help ensure that any changes in behavior during treatment are due to the treatment itself, and not simply due to natural fluctuations in behavior over time. It is important to continue the baseline phase until this stability has been established, or until a clear trend in the opposite direction of what is predicted for treatment emerges. This can help ensure that treatment is effective and properly tailored to the individual.

Question 6

Which of the following is not one of the scientific criteria used to evaluate whether or not a treatment was responsible for producing a reliable effect on the dependent variable?
A)the immediacy of an observed effect
B)the size of an observed effect
C)the extent to which an observed effect is socially validated
D)the number of times that an effect is replicated

Accepted Answer

The other three options (immediacy, size, and replication) are commonly used scientific criteria to evaluate whether a treatment was responsible for producing a reliable effect on the dependent variable. Social validation may be important for practical applications of the treatment, but it is not a scientific criterion for evaluating its efficacy.

Question 7

The extent to which findings can be generalized to other behaviors, individuals, settings, or treatments is referred to as:
A)social validity
B)external validity
C)internal validity
D)concurrent validity

Accepted Answer

External validity refers to the extent to which research findings can be generalized to other behaviors, individuals, settings, or treatments. Social validity refers to the extent to which an intervention produces socially significant improvements in the lives of individuals. Internal validity refers to the extent to which a study's design and methods ensure that any observed effects are due to the interventions and not other factors. Concurrent validity refers to the extent to which the results of a measure correspond to a criterion measure administered at the same time.

Question 8

Evaluating the practical importance of behavior change to the client and following the implementation of a behavior modification program, is referred to as:
A)scientific analysis
B)social validation
C)external validation
D)subjective validation

Accepted Answer

Social validation involves assessing the practical importance of behavior change to the client and gathering feedback from relevant parties following the implementation of a behavior modification program. This helps to determine the effectiveness of the program and its impact on the client's daily life. Scientific analysis involves using data and empirical evidence to analyze behavior, external validation involves seeking feedback from outside sources or experts, and subjective validation involves relying on personal opinions or perceptions. Out of these options, social validation is the best choice for evaluating the practical importance of behavior change to the client.

Question 9

A potential problem with the ____________design is that one of the treatments may produce an effect either because of a contrast to the other treatment in alternating sessions or because of generalization of treatments across conditions.
A)multiple-baseline
B)multi-element
C)reversal-replication
D)changing criterion

Accepted Answer

The multi-element design, also known as the alternating treatments design, can encounter issues where the effect of one treatment might be influenced by its contrast with another treatment in alternating sessions or due to the generalization of treatments across conditions. This is because multiple treatments are implemented in a rapid succession, which can lead to difficulties in isolating the effects of each treatment.

Question 10

One aspect of ____________is to examine the extent to which target behaviors identified for treatment programs are really the most important for the client and/or society.
A)reliability assessment
B)external validation
C)internal validation
D)social validation

Accepted Answer

Social validation is the process of evaluating the importance of target behaviors by gathering opinions from relevant individuals in the client's life or society. This helps ensure that the treatment program addresses the most significant issues and increases the likelihood of success. Reliability assessment, external validation, and internal validation focus on different aspects of treatment program evaluation and do not specifically address the importance of target behaviors.

Question 11

A(n)____________design calls for the introduction of the treatment sequentially across two or more behaviors.
A)multiple-baseline across behaviors
B)ABAB
C)multiple-baseline across treatments
D)ABAC

Accepted Answer

In a multiple-baseline across behaviors design, the treatment is introduced sequentially across two or more behaviors. This allows for the demonstration of experimental control by showing that the treatment has an effect on one behavior while not affecting the others until it is introduced for those behaviors as well. Option B (ABAB) involves alternating between treatment and no treatment phases, while Option C (multiple-baseline across treatments) involves introducing multiple treatments sequentially across a single behavior. Option D (ABAC) involves introducing the treatment, withdrawing it, and then reintroducing it, which may not be appropriate for all behaviors or treatments.

Question 12

The baseline phase of the reversal-replication design should continue until the pattern of performance is ____________or until it shows a trend in the direction ____________that predicted when treatment is introduced.
A)increasing; the same as
B)decreasing; opposite to
C)stable; opposite to
D)decreasing; the same as

Accepted Answer

The baseline phase should continue until the pattern of performance is stable or shows a trend opposite to that predicted when treatment is introduced, to ensure that any changes observed can be attributed to the intervention.

Question 13

Baseline data are collected on the name calling, swearing, and spitting behavior of a child towards other children.A treatment program is then introduced sequentially on the name calling behavior, then the swearing behavior, and finally the spitting behavior.This is a(n) ____________design:
A)alternating treatments
B)multiple-baseline across behaviors
C)multiple-baseline across situations
D)changing criterion

Accepted Answer

The design described involves collecting baseline data on multiple behaviors (name calling, swearing, and spitting), and then sequentially introducing treatment to one behavior at a time. This is the definition of a multiple-baseline across behaviors design.

Question 14

Over time, successive changes are introduced in the behavioral requirement for treatment, and the effects of these changes are observed on the treated behavior.This is a ____________design.
A)multi-element
B)changing criterion
C)multiple-baseline across behaviors
D)multiple-baseline across situations

Accepted Answer

The described design is a changing criterion design, as the behavioral requirement for treatment is gradually and deliberately changed and the effects on the treated behavior are observed. The other options involve different types of baseline and intervention manipulations, but do not necessarily involve the deliberate and gradual introduction of changes to the treatment criteria.

Question 15

When the observational method affects the behaviors being observed, we say that the observation is obtrusive.

Accepted Answer

When the observational method affects the behaviors being observed, it is considered obtrusive. This means that the observer's presence or actions may alter the behavior of the individuals being observed, resulting in inaccurate data.

Question 16

A____________ design calls for treatment to be introduced on a particular behavior sequentially across two or more individuals.
A)multiple-baseline across people
B)multi-element
C)multiple-baseline across behaviors
D)sequential-introduction

Accepted Answer

The multiple-baseline across people design is the best choice for introducing treatment to several individuals sequentially. This design involves staggered implementation of treatment across multiple subjects while observing the behavior of each subject during different phases. The design allows for the demonstration of experimental control by the manipulation of the independent variable, in this case, introducing the treatment, while continuing to observe the behavior of the subjects during baseline phases for comparison.

Question 17

A baseline phase, a treatment phase, a return to baseline phase, and a return to the treatment phase are the components of the:
A)multi-element design
B)multiple-baseline design
C)changing criterion design
D)reversal-replication design

Accepted Answer

The described components are characteristic of a reversal-replication design, where the treatment phase is followed by a return to baseline phase and then another treatment phase. This allows for replication of the effects of the treatment and assessment of how the behavior responds to treatment withdrawal and re-introduction.

Question 18

The treatment program is referred to as the dependent variable and the behavior being treated is referred to as the independent variable.

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable is the behavior being treated, and the independent variable is the treatment program being applied.

Question 19

Which of the following is not an aspect of social validation?
A)examining the extent to which the treatment programs are really responsible for improvement in target behaviors;
B)determining the acceptability to the client of the particular procedures used;
C)determining the extent to which the target behaviors are important to the client;
D)ensuring that the clients and/or their caregivers are satisfied with the results.

Accepted Answer

Aspect A refers to treatment effectiveness, which is important but not a component of social validation. B, C, and D relate to social validation - examining the client's perspective, values, and satisfaction with treatment.

Question 20

Baseline of self-abusive behavior is taken in a session room and on a ward.Treatment for self-abuse is then introduced in the session room, and baseline is continued on the ward.Then, treatment is applied in the session room and the ward.This is a(n)____________design.
A)ABAB
B)multiple-baseline across behaviors
C)ABAC
D)multiple-baseline across situations

Accepted Answer

This design involves taking baselines of the behavior in different situations (session room and ward) before introducing treatment. This allows for a comparison of the effectiveness of the treatment across different situations (multiple-baseline across situations). The ABAC design also involves introducing treatment in a phased manner (A-B-A-C) which helps to establish the functional relationship between treatment and behavior change.

Quiz 31: Shaping and Schedules of Reinforcement: A Comprehensive Guide

In a reversal-replication design, two replications of each phase are necessary to draw a valid conclusion.

Another name for a multi-element design is____________ design.

It is not acceptable to include agreement on blank intervals in computing an IOR when one is interested in decreasing a behavior and having agreement that the behavior did not occur.

In a multi-element design, two separate treatments are applied to the behavior in:

A baseline phase should continue until the pattern of performance is stable or until it shows a trend in the direction opposite to that predicted for treatment.

Which of the following is not one of the scientific criteria used to evaluate whether or not a treatment was responsible for producing a reliable effect on the dependent variable?

The extent to which findings can be generalized to other behaviors, individuals, settings, or treatments is referred to as:

Evaluating the practical importance of behavior change to the client and following the implementation of a behavior modification program, is referred to as:

A potential problem with the ____________design is that one of the treatments may produce an effect either because of a contrast to the other treatment in alternating sessions or because of generalization of treatments across conditions.

One aspect of ____________is to examine the extent to which target behaviors identified for treatment programs are really the most important for the client and/or society.

A(n) ____________design calls for the introduction of the treatment sequentially across two or more behaviors.

The baseline phase of the reversal-replication design should continue until the pattern of performance is or until it shows a trend in the direction that predicted when treatment is introduced.

Baseline data are collected on the name calling, swearing, and spitting behavior of a child towards other children.A treatment program is then introduced sequentially on the name calling behavior, then the swearing behavior, and finally the spitting behavior.This is a(n) ____________design:

Over time, successive changes are introduced in the behavioral requirement for treatment, and the effects of these changes are observed on the treated behavior.This is a ____________design.

When the observational method affects the behaviors being observed, we say that the observation is obtrusive.

A____________ design calls for treatment to be introduced on a particular behavior sequentially across two or more individuals.

A baseline phase, a treatment phase, a return to baseline phase, and a return to the treatment phase are the components of the:

The treatment program is referred to as the dependent variable and the behavior being treated is referred to as the independent variable.

Which of the following is not an aspect of social validation?

Baseline of self-abusive behavior is taken in a session room and on a ward.Treatment for self-abuse is then introduced in the session room, and baseline is continued on the ward.Then, treatment is applied in the session room and the ward.This is a(n) ____________design.