Question 1

A teacher might suggest that those students who remain in their desks continuously for a half-hour interval will be allowed ten minutes to read a book of their choice.This is an approximation of VI/LH in a training program.

Accepted Answer

VI/LH (Variable Interval/ Limited Hold) is a schedule of reinforcement where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed, with a limited time to respond. The scenario described is more akin to a fixed interval schedule, where a specific amount of time (half-hour) must pass before a reward (reading time) is given.

Question 2

When reinforcement occurs after the behavior has been engaged in for a continuous period of time, where the specified time varies around some mean value, there is a(n)schedule in effect.
A)VR
B)VD
C)FR
D)VD/LH

Accepted Answer

This is describing a variable duration (VD) schedule, where reinforcement is delivered after a varying amount of time has passed since the behavior occurred, but the average time remains relatively consistent.

Question 3

A practical advantage of a VI/LH schedule over an FI/LH schedule is that on a VI/LH schedule:
A)the behavior is not influenced by outside distractors
B)there are very frequent although small pauses spread uniformly throughout the interval
C)it is easy to monitor the amount of time spent producing the desirable behavior
D)there is little or no pausing at the beginning of each interval

Accepted Answer

On a Variable Interval/ Limited Hold (VI/LH) schedule, reinforcement is available after a variable amount of time has passed, and this unpredictability tends to produce steady rates of response with little or no pausing at the beginning of each interval, unlike Fixed Interval (FI) schedules which often result in a post-reinforcement pause.

Question 4

A door-to-door salesperson is reinforced on a VI schedule in that a sale is made after some unpredictable number of responses.

Accepted Answer

A VI (Variable Interval) schedule reinforces a response after an unpredictable amount of time has passed, not after an unpredictable number of responses.

Question 5

At home, checking the clothes dryer for dry clothes will eventually be reinforced by the clothes being dry.This would be an approximation of a _________schedule.
A)fixed-ratio
B)variable-interval
C)variable-interval-with-limited-hold
D)variable-duration

Accepted Answer

Checking the clothes dryer is reinforced on a variable-interval schedule since there is not a specific amount of time that must elapse before checking for dry clothes, but rather it varies from load to load. There is also a limited hold since the reinforcement (dry clothes) must occur within a certain time frame for the behavior (checking the dryer) to be reinforced.

Question 6

The behavior of hitchhiking (thumbing to obtain a ride)is reinforced on:
A)a VR
B)a VI/LH
C)a VD
D)a VI

Accepted Answer

Hitchhiking is reinforced on a variable interval/limited hold (VI/LH) schedule. This means that reinforcement (getting a ride) is available after a variable amount of time has passed, but the opportunity for reinforcement does not last indefinitely (limited hold).

Question 7

In a_____ procedure, a distinct stimulus is presented prior to an opportunity for a response to occur and be followed by a reinforcement, and the next response cannot occur until another stimulus is presented, and so on.
A)free operant
B)reinforcement
C)discrete trials
D)natural reinforcement

Accepted Answer

This description best fits the concept of discrete trials, where a specific stimulus is presented and the response is followed by reinforcement before moving on to the next trial. Other options, such as free operant (where the response can occur at any time) and natural reinforcement (where reinforcement occurs naturally in the environment), do not involve the presentation of a distinct stimulus prior to the response opportunity.

Question 8

Limited hold in an FI/LH schedule can be exemplified by the amount of time a passenger waits at a bus stop for a bus to arrive.

Accepted Answer

Limited hold in an FI/LH schedule refers to a scenario where after a fixed interval of time has passed, a response (like pressing a lever) will be reinforced, but only if it occurs within a certain limited window of time. The example of waiting at a bus stop does not accurately represent this because the arrival of the bus is not contingent on the passenger's response within a limited time after a fixed interval.

Question 9

The behavior of repeatedly dialing a telephone to call a friend whose line is busy is reinforced on an approximation of a VI/LH schedule.

Accepted Answer

The behavior of repeatedly dialing a telephone to call a friend whose line is busy is reinforced on an approximation of a VI/LH (Variable-Interval/Low High) schedule, which means the reinforcement is delivered after an average amount of time has passed and after the behavior has occurred a certain number of times. This is because the reinforcement (getting through to the friend) is variable in timing and inconsistent in frequency (low-high).

Question 10

In both VD and FD schedules, reinforcement is contingent on engaging in the behavior for a continuous time period.

Accepted Answer

Both VD (variable duration) and FD (fixed duration) schedules require the behavior to be engaged in for a continuous time period before reinforcement is given. In VD schedules, the time period required varies, while in FD schedules, it is a fixed amount of time.

Question 11

A VI/LH would not be used to teach students to sit at their desks, as it would generate sitting down and standing up at a high rate.

Accepted Answer

A VI/LH (Variable Interval/Limited Hold) schedule can be used to teach various behaviors, including sitting at desks, by reinforcing the behavior at unpredictable intervals within a limited time frame, encouraging consistent behavior without necessarily causing a high rate of sitting down and standing up.

Question 12

The response chosen in a concurrent schedule depends on:
A)the relative immediacy of reinforcement
B)the relative magnitude of reinforcement
C)the relative response effort
D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

The response chosen in a concurrent schedule depends on all of the above factors - the relative immediacy, magnitude, and response effort of reinforcement. These are all important factors that can influence an individual's decision to respond one way or another in a concurrent schedule. For example, if one response option offers a larger, more immediate reinforcement but requires more effort, an individual may choose a smaller, less immediate reinforcement option that requires less effort. Therefore, all three factors are important to consider when analyzing behavior in a concurrent schedule.

Question 13

A fixed-duration schedule would be a very good schedule for reinforcing study
behavior.

Accepted Answer

A fixed-duration schedule reinforces behavior after a set amount of time doing the activity, which might not be the most effective for reinforcing study behavior since the quality and focus of study are more important than just the amount of time spent. Variable schedules or reinforcement based on task completion might be more effective for studying.

Question 14

It appears that the presence of rule-governed behavior in humans influences them to make interpretations about schedules of reinforcement that generate behavior patterns that are different from those caused by the same schedules when applied to animals.

Accepted Answer

Humans have the ability to understand and follow rules, which can affect their behavior when exposed to different reinforcement schedules. This is not necessarily the case with animals, who may not have the same cognitive abilities to interpret and adjust to rules. Therefore, humans may exhibit different patterns of behavior compared to animals on the same reinforcement schedule.

Question 15

Who wrote the classic authoritative work on schedules of reinforcement?
A)Martin and Pear
B)Keller and Skinner
C)Keller and Watson
D)Ferster and Skinner

Accepted Answer

Ferster and Skinner wrote the classic authoritative work on schedules of reinforcement, titled "Schedules of Reinforcement".

Question 16

The statement "The time devoted to an activity in a concurrent situation is proportional to the rate of reinforcement of that activity relative to the rates of reinforcement on the other concurrent activities," describes:
A)performance on a VI/LH
B)the concurrent schedule law
C)the rate of reinforcement law
D)the matching law

Accepted Answer

The statement describes the matching law, which states that the proportion of behavior directed towards one activity in a concurrent schedule is equal to the proportion of reinforcement available for that activity relative to the total available reinforcement for all activities. The other options do not fit the description provided in the statement.

Question 17

Catching a ride on a bus at a bus stop on a regular city route is probably reinforced on an approximation of an FI/LH schedule.

Accepted Answer

FI/LH schedule refers to Fixed Interval/Low Hanging Fruit schedule, which means the behavior is reinforced after a certain time interval (fixed interval) and for completing an easy-to-accomplish task (low hanging fruit). Catching a ride on a bus at a bus stop on a regular city route fits this description as it is a predictable and easily achievable task that can be reinforced based on a fixed interval (i.e. every 15 minutes).

Question 18

Students are likely to complete less class work and make fewer correct responses when reinforced according to a fixed page condition than a fixed time condition.

Accepted Answer

In a fixed page condition, students are reinforced after completing a set number of pages, which can motivate them to work faster and more accurately to reach the reinforcement. In contrast, a fixed time condition provides reinforcement after a set time, regardless of the amount of work completed, which may not encourage the same level of productivity.

Question 19

A child pounds pegs into a peg board and is reinforced by getting the pegs level with the board.This is an approximation of a_______ schedule.
A)fixed-duration
B)fixed-ratio
C)variable-interval
D)variable-ratio

Accepted Answer

Variable-ratio schedules reinforce behavior after a varying number of responses. In this case, the child is reinforced for pounding a varying number of pegs into the board.

Question 20

The inconsistent use of extinction often results in highly persistent undesirable behavior.

Accepted Answer

Inconsistent use of extinction (meaning not consistently reinforcing a behavior) can lead to the behavior persisting because the individual may still be seeking the reinforcement they previously received for that behavior. This is known as an extinction burst, where the behavior may even temporarily increase before eventually decreasing. Therefore, inconsistent use of extinction can result in highly persistent undesirable behavior.

Quiz 31: Shaping and Schedules of Reinforcement: A Comprehensive Guide

A teacher might suggest that those students who remain in their desks continuously for a half-hour interval will be allowed ten minutes to read a book of their choice.This is an approximation of VI/LH in a training program.

When reinforcement occurs after the behavior has been engaged in for a continuous period of time, where the specified time varies around some mean value, there is a(n) schedule in effect.

A practical advantage of a VI/LH schedule over an FI/LH schedule is that on a VI/LH schedule:

A door-to-door salesperson is reinforced on a VI schedule in that a sale is made after some unpredictable number of responses.

At home, checking the clothes dryer for dry clothes will eventually be reinforced by the clothes being dry.This would be an approximation of a _________schedule.

The behavior of hitchhiking (thumbing to obtain a ride) is reinforced on:

In a_____ procedure, a distinct stimulus is presented prior to an opportunity for a response to occur and be followed by a reinforcement, and the next response cannot occur until another stimulus is presented, and so on.

Limited hold in an FI/LH schedule can be exemplified by the amount of time a passenger waits at a bus stop for a bus to arrive.

The behavior of repeatedly dialing a telephone to call a friend whose line is busy is reinforced on an approximation of a VI/LH schedule.

In both VD and FD schedules, reinforcement is contingent on engaging in the behavior for a continuous time period.

A VI/LH would not be used to teach students to sit at their desks, as it would generate sitting down and standing up at a high rate.

The response chosen in a concurrent schedule depends on:

A fixed-duration schedule would be a very good schedule for reinforcing study behavior.

It appears that the presence of rule-governed behavior in humans influences them to make interpretations about schedules of reinforcement that generate behavior patterns that are different from those caused by the same schedules when applied to animals.

Who wrote the classic authoritative work on schedules of reinforcement?

The statement "The time devoted to an activity in a concurrent situation is proportional to the rate of reinforcement of that activity relative to the rates of reinforcement on the other concurrent activities," describes:

Catching a ride on a bus at a bus stop on a regular city route is probably reinforced on an approximation of an FI/LH schedule.

Students are likely to complete less class work and make fewer correct responses when reinforced according to a fixed page condition than a fixed time condition.

A child pounds pegs into a peg board and is reinforced by getting the pegs level with the board.This is an approximation of a_______ schedule.

The inconsistent use of extinction often results in highly persistent undesirable behavior.