Question 1

Introduction Which is a critical difference between quasi-experimental and experimental
Designs?
A)experimental designs randomly assign subjects to different treatment conditions
B)experimental designs use preexisting life events as treatments
C)quasi-experiments are lower in external validity than experiments
D)quasi-experiments are lower in imposition of units than experiments

Accepted Answer

Experimental designs randomly assign subjects to different treatment conditions, while quasi-experimental designs do not. Quasi-experimental designs involve groups that are not randomly assigned, and therefore have lower internal validity than experimental designs.

Question 2

Correlational Designs A shotgun approach, while not elegant, has heuristic value.This means that
This strategy
A)achieves high internal validity.
B)achieves a high degree of realism.
C)helps us discover new findings.
D)generates findings that are easily replicated.

Accepted Answer

Correlational designs allow researchers to look for patterns and relationships between variables, and can often lead to new findings and discoveries. While they may not have the same level of internal validity as experimental designs, they can still provide valuable insights into the nature of the variables being studied. Therefore, choice C is the best answer.

Question 3

Introduction Which best describes quasi-experiments?
A)low in imposition of units
B)high in imposition of units
C)low-to-high in the degree of manipulation of antecedents
D)high in imposition of units and low-to-high in the degree of manipulation of antecedents

Accepted Answer

Quasi-experiments are experiments that lack complete control over the independent variable, meaning they are unable to randomly assign participants to groups. As a result, they are generally high in imposition of units, as participants are often assigned to groups based on pre-existing characteristics. However, they can also vary in the degree of manipulation of antecedents, as some quasi-experiments may involve the manipulation of certain variables but not others. Therefore, the best answer is D, which acknowledges both characteristics of quasi-experiments.

Question 4

Correlational Designs If a survey found a correlation of r = - .03 between income level and
Happiness, this would suggest that
A)higher income was associated with increased happiness.
B)higher income was associated with reduced happiness.
C)income and happiness affected each other.
D)there was no appreciable relationship between income level and happiness.

Accepted Answer

A correlation coefficient of r = - .03 means that there is a weak negative relationship between income level and happiness. This suggests that there is no appreciable (or significant) relationship between these variables. Therefore, option D is the correct choice.

Question 5

Correlational Designs A regression line
A)depicts a causal relationship between two variables.
B)depicts the typical score in a sample.
C)is a line of best fit on a scatterplot.
D)is the vertical axis on a scatterplot.

Accepted Answer

A regression line is a line of best fit on a scatterplot. It shows the relationship between two variables but does not necessarily indicate a causal relationship. It is not a depiction of a typical score in a sample and is not the vertical axis on a scatterplot.

Question 6

Correlational Designs Which of these correlations would permit the most accurate prediction?
A)- 0.93
B)- 0.20
C)+ 0.81
D)+ 1.32

Accepted Answer

The answer of Correlational Designs Which of these correlations would...

Question 7

Correlational Designs The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient ranges between
A)0 and -1.
B)0 and +1.
C)-1 and +1.
D)-2 and +2.

Accepted Answer

The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables, and its values range from -1 (perfect negative correlation) to +1 (perfect positive correlation), including 0 (no correlation).

Question 8

Introduction Which design do researchers use to study a possible causal relationship
Between preexisting antecedent conditions (e.g., smoking) and behavioral
Effects (e.g., lung cancer) in human subjects?
A)causal modeling
B)correlational
C)experimental
D)quasi-experimental

Accepted Answer

Quasi-experimental designs are used to study causal relationships when researchers cannot randomly assign participants to groups or control all variables, which is often the case with preexisting conditions like smoking. Unlike true experiments, quasi-experiments lack random assignment, making them suitable for studying the effects of antecedent conditions like smoking on outcomes such as lung cancer.

Question 9

Correlational Designs Correlational studies can be used to
A)estimate the amount of variability in one variable that can be explained by another variable.
B)make predictions.
C)measure the relationship between two variables.
D)all of these

Accepted Answer

Correlational designs can be used to estimate the amount of variability in one variable that can be explained by another variable, make predictions, and measure the relationship between two variables. Therefore, all of these options are correct.

Question 10

Correlational Designs A ____ visually depicts a relationship between two variables.
A)frequency histogram
B)frequency polygram
C)pie chart
D)scatterplot

Accepted Answer

A scatterplot is specifically designed to visually depict the relationship between two variables. The other options are not appropriate for this purpose.

Question 11

Correlational Designs Which of these calculates a simple correlation between pairs of scores?
A)factor analysis
B)multiple correlation
C)multiple regression
D)Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient

Accepted Answer

Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient is the only option listed that specifically calculates a simple correlation between pairs of scores. Factor analysis and multiple regression are different statistical methods that involve analyzing relationships between multiple variables, while multiple correlation involves analyzing the relationships between three or more variables.

Question 12

Introduction Both correlational and quasi-experimental designs tend to be high in
A)control of extraneous variables.
B)internal validity.
C)imposition of units.
D)manipulation of antecedents.

Accepted Answer

Imposition of units refers to the assignment of participants to conditions without random assignment, which is a characteristic of both correlational and quasi-experimental designs.

Question 13

Introduction How do quasi-experiments compare with laboratory experiments?
A)quasi-experiments achieve less realism
B)quasi-experiments achieve lower internal validity
C)quasi-experiments achieve higher internal validity
D)both designs achieve comparable internal validity

Accepted Answer

Quasi-experiments typically have lower internal validity compared to laboratory experiments due to the lack of control over extraneous variables. However, they may achieve greater external validity as they are often conducted in natural settings with real-world participants.

Question 14

Correlational Designs J.D.computed a Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient from
Sample data and found that r = + 1.8.What should we conclude from this
Result?
A)J.D.should recheck his calculations
B)there was a strong positive relationship between the two variables
C)there was a weak negative relationship between the two variables
D)there was no relationship between the two variables

Accepted Answer

The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient can only range from -1 to +1, so a result of +1.8 indicates an error in calculation.

Question 15

Introduction Both correlational designs and quasi-experiments are often higher in ____
Than laboratory experiments.
A)external validity
B)imposition of units
C)internal validity
D)manipulation of antecedents

Accepted Answer

Both correlational and quasi-experimental designs are often conducted in naturalistic settings, which allows for greater generalizability to real-world situations or populations, thus higher external validity. In contrast, laboratory experiments are often conducted in controlled settings with artificial stimuli, which may limit the ability to generalize findings to the real world.

Question 16

Introduction Correlational studies are generally ____ in the degree of manipulation of antecedent conditions and ____ in the degree of imposition of units.
A)low, high
B)low, low
C)high, high
D)high, low

Accepted Answer

Correlational studies typically involve little to no manipulation of antecedent conditions, meaning they are low in the degree of manipulation. However, they often involve specific selection or assignment of units (e.g., participants, variables) for analysis, making them high in the degree of imposition of units.

Question 17

Correlational Designs Which is used to determine the degree to which two or more traits,
Behaviors, or events are related?
A)case study
B)correlational study
C)ex post facto study
D)pretest/posttest design

Accepted Answer

Correlational designs are specifically used to determine the degree of relationship between two or more traits, behaviors, or events. Case studies, ex post facto studies, and pretest/posttest designs do not focus on determining the relationship between variables but rather on other aspects such as exploring an individual or group in depth (case study), examining the effects of an independent variable that cannot be manipulated (ex post facto study), or comparing two separate groups (pretest/posttest design).

Question 18

Correlational Designs The relationship between ____ best illustrates a positive correlation.
A)alcohol consumption and driving performance
B)aspirin use and risk of heart attack
C)exercise frequency and depression
D)wearing seat belts and life expectancy

Accepted Answer

Wearing seat belts is associated with increased life expectancy, as it reduces the risk of fatal injuries in car accidents, illustrating a positive correlation.

Question 19

Introduction Which could be used as a "treatment" in a quasi-experiment?
A)being raised in a one- or two-parent home
B)birth order
C)experiencing a tsunami
D)all of these

Accepted Answer

A treatment is an intervention or manipulation that is being tested to see if it has an effect on a particular outcome. Being raised in a one- or two-parent home and birth order are both potential treatments that could be tested in a quasi-experiment. Experiencing a tsunami, however, is not a treatment that can be assigned or manipulated, but rather a natural event that occurs outside of experimental control. Therefore, the best choice is D, all of these.

Question 20

Correlational Designs The ____ of a correlation coefficient indexes its strength.
A)absolute value
B)direction
C)probability
D)sign

Accepted Answer

The absolute value of a correlation coefficient tells us the strength of the relationship between two variables, regardless of the direction of the relationship. The closer the absolute value is to 1, the stronger the relationship.

Quiz 5: Alternatives to Experimentation: Correlational and Quasi-Experimental Designs

Introduction Which is a critical difference between quasi-experimental and experimental Designs?

Correlational Designs A shotgun approach, while not elegant, has heuristic value.This means that This strategy

Introduction Which best describes quasi-experiments?

Correlational Designs If a survey found a correlation of r = - .03 between income level and Happiness, this would suggest that

Correlational Designs A regression line

Correlational Designs Which of these correlations would permit the most accurate prediction?

Correlational Designs The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient ranges between

Introduction Which design do researchers use to study a possible causal relationship Between preexisting antecedent conditions (e.g., smoking) and behavioral Effects (e.g., lung cancer) in human subjects?

Correlational Designs Correlational studies can be used to

Correlational Designs A ____ visually depicts a relationship between two variables.

Correlational Designs Which of these calculates a simple correlation between pairs of scores?

Introduction Both correlational and quasi-experimental designs tend to be high in

Introduction How do quasi-experiments compare with laboratory experiments?

Correlational Designs J.D.computed a Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient from Sample data and found that r = + 1.8.What should we conclude from this Result?

Introduction Both correlational designs and quasi-experiments are often higher in ____ Than laboratory experiments.

Introduction Correlational studies are generally in the degree of manipulation of antecedent conditions and in the degree of imposition of units.

Correlational Designs Which is used to determine the degree to which two or more traits, Behaviors, or events are related?

Correlational Designs The relationship between ____ best illustrates a positive correlation.

Introduction Which could be used as a "treatment" in a quasi-experiment?

Correlational Designs The ____ of a correlation coefficient indexes its strength.