Question 1

Dr. Nasrin believes that associating behavior with consequence can shape the probability of a behavior occurring. He is arguing that ________ conditioning is important for behavioral modification.
A) stimulus
B) operant
C) classical
D) cognitive

Accepted Answer

Dr. Nasrin is discussing the association of behavior with consequence, which is a key component of operant conditioning. Stimulus conditioning involves the pairing of a neutral stimulus with a reflexive response, and classical conditioning involves the pairing of two stimuli for a learned response. Cognitive conditioning involves the role of mental processes in learning and behavior, but it is not specifically mentioned in the question stem.

Question 2

A characteristic feature of information-processing psychologists is that they are most likely to
A) emphasize the influence of culture on development.
B) emphasize that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it.
C) state that individuals develop a gradually decreasing capacity for processing information.
D) state that thinking does not constitute information processing.

Accepted Answer

Information-processing psychologists focus on how individuals perceive, interpret, and organize information, as well as how they use it in problem-solving and decision-making. Therefore, B is the best choice as it describes precisely what information-processing psychologists emphasize. A is incorrect because while culture may be a factor, it is not the main focus of this approach. C is incorrect because information-processing theorists believe that individuals continue to develop their capacity for processing information throughout their lives. D is incorrect because thinking is a central part of information processing.

Question 3

Konrad Lorenz performed research with goslings and found that many, upon hatching, identified him as their mother. He called this form of attachment
A) conditioning.
B) imprinting.
C) internalizing.
D) acclimatizing.

Accepted Answer

Konrad Lorenz's research with goslings led him to discover a form of attachment called imprinting, where a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object they see after hatching.

Question 4

The ________ involves the culture in which individuals live.
A) chronosystem
B) mesosystem
C) ethnosystem
D) macrosystem

Accepted Answer

The macrosystem includes the broader cultural context in which individuals live, including beliefs, values, laws, customs, and resources. This includes the larger society and its institutions, such as the economy, government, and educational systems.

Question 5

Nellie, three, bangs her head against the wall repeatedly throughout the day. How could Skinner's concept of operant conditioning be applied to address this behavior?
A) explore experiences from Nellie's early childhood and address them in therapy
B) test Nellie to determine her current level of cognitive functioning
C) investigate her psychosocial environment and eliminate stressors
D) reward Nellie when she does not bang her head and punish the head-banging behavior

Accepted Answer

Skinner's concept of operant conditioning suggests that behavior can be modified through reinforcement (increasing behavior) or punishment (decreasing behavior). In this case, to address Nellie's head-banging behavior, a possible approach would be to reward Nellie when she does not bang her head and to apply punishment (such as a timeout or loss of a privilege) for the head-banging behavior. This can help Nellie learn that there are consequences to her actions and that certain behaviors are not acceptable. It is important to note that punishment should be used carefully and in conjunction with positive reinforcement to be effective.

Question 6

Vygotsky's theory emphasizes how ________ guides cognitive development.
A) culture and social interaction
B) biology
C) the unconscious mind
D) genetic makeup

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's theory of sociocultural development emphasizes the importance of culture and social interaction in guiding cognitive development. According to Vygotsky, children learn through interactions with more knowledgeable others, such as parents, teachers, and peers, who help to scaffold their learning and provide opportunities for them to advance their cognitive abilities. This theory emphasizes the role of context and cultural values in shaping cognitive development, and highlights the importance of social factors in understanding how children learn and develop.

Question 7

The ________ consists of links between a social setting in which an individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context.
A) microsystem
B) mesosystem
C) exosystem
D) macrosystem

Accepted Answer

The exosystem refers to the connections between a social setting in which an individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context. The microsystem refers to the immediate environment in which an individual lives and interacts directly (such as family or school), the mesosystem refers to the connections between different aspects of the individual's microsystem, and the macrosystem refers to the larger cultural context in which the individual lives.

Question 8

Danny's mother is even-tempered, fair, and tactful. Seeing this, Danny is growing up to be a polite, good-natured boy too. This imitation or modeling of behavior mirrors the concept of ________ in Bandura's social cognitive theory.
A) operant conditioning
B) observational learning
C) salient stimuli
D) classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

Observational learning, also known as modeling, is the concept in Bandura's social cognitive theory that explains how individuals learn new behaviors by observing others and imitating their actions. In this scenario, Danny is imitating his mother's behavior, which is a prime example of observational learning. Operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and salient stimuli are not relevant to this scenario.

Question 9

Fernando believes that the presence or absence of certain experiences in life has a long-lasting influence on individuals. He further believes that there is rapid, innate learning that involves attachment to the first moving object seen and that this learning takes place at a critical period very early in the life of an animal. In this scenario, Fernando is most likely taking a(n) ________ approach to human development.
A) behavioral
B) ethological
C) social cognitive
D) psychoanalytic

Accepted Answer

Fernando's belief about the rapid, innate learning that takes place during a critical period in early life is a key concept in the ethological approach to human development. This approach emphasizes the importance of biological and evolutionary factors in shaping behavior and development. The other options listed (behavioral, social cognitive, psychoanalytic) do not mention these same concepts and do not align as closely with Fernando's beliefs.

Question 10

A recent television documentary concluded that, from birth, girls are more nurturing than are boys. Daniel agrees with this because he believes nurturing is an evolutionary trait passed on through the generations, because females needed to be more nurturing to aid the survival of the species. Daniel's view reflects the ________ perspective of development.
A) ideological
B) clinical
C) ethological
D) theological

Accepted Answer

Daniel's view reflects the ethological perspective of development, which emphasizes the role of evolutionary factors in shaping behaviors and traits, including nurturing behaviors. This perspective suggests that certain traits and behaviors have been naturally selected for over time because they enhanced the survival and reproduction of our ancestors.

Question 11

Lynne, five, loves to draw and color. She represents the world with words and her drawings. According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, Lynne is in the ________ stage of cognitive development.
A) preoperational
B) sensorimotor
C) formal operational
D) concrete operational

Accepted Answer

Piaget's cognitive development theory identifies four different stages of cognitive development, which are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. The preoperational stage occurs between the ages of two and seven, during which children use language, symbols, and mental images to represent the world. They are also prone to egocentrism, animism, and display limitations in logical thinking. Therefore, Lynne, who is five years old, fits into this stage of cognitive development.

Question 12

B. F. Skinner, a behaviorist, would argue that the most important things that shape development are ________.
A) thoughts and feelings
B) unconscious motivations
C) rewards and punishments
D) culture and society

Accepted Answer

Skinner believed that behavior is shaped by consequences such as rewards or punishments. Therefore, he argued that the most important things that shape development are rewards and punishments.

Question 13

Bandura's most recent model of learning and development includes three elements: behavior, environment, and
A) person/cognition.
B) culture.
C) education level.
D) motivation.

Accepted Answer

Bandura's most recent model of learning and development includes three elements: behavior, environment, and person/cognition. This reflects his belief that individual characteristics, such as motivation and cognitive processes, play a crucial role in shaping behavior and development. While culture and education level can certainly impact these factors, they are not considered primary elements in Bandura's model. Therefore, the best choice is A) person/cognition.

Question 14

Human infants go through an attachment period. John Bowlby calls this a ________ period, meaning that for optimal development attachment should occur during this period.
A) positive
B) critical
C) sensitive
D) severe attachment

Accepted Answer

John Bowlby refers to this as a "sensitive" period, indicating that for optimal development, attachment should ideally occur during this timeframe. This concept suggests that there is an optimal period for forming attachments, which, while not absolutely fixed, is crucial for emotional and social development.

Question 15

Sandrine is now able to use abstract thought as well as logic; Piaget would argue that she is in the ________ stage of development.
A) preoperational
B) concrete operational
C) formal operational
D) conceptual operational

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the formal operational stage occurs around ages 12 to 15 and is characterized by the ability to think abstractly, reason logically, and engage in hypothetical thinking. This is a significant shift from the concrete thinking of the previous stage, the concrete operational stage. Therefore, Sandrine's ability to use abstract thought and logic suggests that she is in the formal operational stage of development.

Question 16

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, a person's family, peers, school, and neighborhood constitute his/her
A) microsystem.
B) mesosystem.
C) chronosystem.
D) macrosystem.

Accepted Answer

According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, a microsystem refers to the immediate environment in which an individual interacts directly, including family, peers, school, and neighborhood. Thus, the microsystem is the best choice for this question. The mesosystem refers to the interrelationships between the different elements of the microsystem, the chronosystem refers to the dimension of time in relation to the person's life, and the macrosystem refers to the larger cultural and societal influences.

Question 17

In Lorenz's view, imprinting needs to take place at a certain, very early time in the life of the animal, or else it will not take place. This period of time is called the
A) receptive period.
B) sensitive period.
C) critical period.
D) bonding period.

Accepted Answer

Lorenz's concept of imprinting emphasizes the critical period, a specific time early in an animal's life when it forms attachments and learns certain behaviors crucial for its development. If imprinting does not occur during this time, it may never occur.

Question 18

Behavioral and social cognitive theories emphasize
A) unconscious motives.
B) discontinuity in behavior.
C) continuity in development.
D) that development occurs in stage-like fashion.

Accepted Answer

Both behavioral and social cognitive theories emphasize the continuity in development, meaning that development is a gradual and continuous process that occurs over time. They focus on how experiences and learning shape an individual's behavior and development, rather than on unconscious motives or stage-like changes in behavior.

Question 19

Hidalgo, eight, is very good at addition and subtraction, but he has a hard time understanding the complex algebraic problems that his 14-year-old sister does. Hidalgo is currently in which of Jean Piaget's stages of development?
A) preoperational
B) concrete operational
C) formal operational
D) conceptual operational

Accepted Answer

According to Jean Piaget's stages of development, children between the ages of 7-12 are in the concrete operational stage. In this stage, children are able to understand concrete ideas and perform mental operations on objects that are physically present. Hidalgo's ability to understand addition and subtraction indicates that he is in this stage, but his difficulty with complex algebraic problems suggests that he has not yet reached the formal operational stage of development.

Question 20

The ________ involves relations between microsystems or connections between contexts.
A) metasystem
B) mesosystem
C) chronosystem
D) macrosystem

Accepted Answer

The mesosystem involves relations between microsystems, such as interactions between a child's family and school or between peers and family. The metasystem refers to the overarching system or societal influences on development, the chronosystem involves time-related or historical changes, and the macrosystem encompasses cultural values, laws, and customs.

Quiz 1: Introduction

Dr. Nasrin believes that associating behavior with consequence can shape the probability of a behavior occurring. He is arguing that ________ conditioning is important for behavioral modification.

A characteristic feature of information-processing psychologists is that they are most likely to

Konrad Lorenz performed research with goslings and found that many, upon hatching, identified him as their mother. He called this form of attachment

The ________ involves the culture in which individuals live.

Nellie, three, bangs her head against the wall repeatedly throughout the day. How could Skinner's concept of operant conditioning be applied to address this behavior?

Vygotsky's theory emphasizes how ________ guides cognitive development.

The ________ consists of links between a social setting in which an individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context.

Danny's mother is even-tempered, fair, and tactful. Seeing this, Danny is growing up to be a polite, good-natured boy too. This imitation or modeling of behavior mirrors the concept of ________ in Bandura's social cognitive theory.

Lynne, five, loves to draw and color. She represents the world with words and her drawings. According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, Lynne is in the ________ stage of cognitive development.

B. F. Skinner, a behaviorist, would argue that the most important things that shape development are ________.

Bandura's most recent model of learning and development includes three elements: behavior, environment, and

Human infants go through an attachment period. John Bowlby calls this a ________ period, meaning that for optimal development attachment should occur during this period.

Sandrine is now able to use abstract thought as well as logic; Piaget would argue that she is in the ________ stage of development.

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, a person's family, peers, school, and neighborhood constitute his/her

In Lorenz's view, imprinting needs to take place at a certain, very early time in the life of the animal, or else it will not take place. This period of time is called the

Behavioral and social cognitive theories emphasize

Hidalgo, eight, is very good at addition and subtraction, but he has a hard time understanding the complex algebraic problems that his 14-year-old sister does. Hidalgo is currently in which of Jean Piaget's stages of development?

The ________ involves relations between microsystems or connections between contexts.